Feeding the addiction: Narrowing of goals to habits

Breedon, Joshua Robert; Ziauddeen, Hisham; Štochl, Jan; Ersche, Karen D.

doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.002

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Biological Psychiatry consistent with prior work (4,7,15,17,56). Other paradigms, such as the two-stage decision-making task or pavlovian-toinstrumental transfer procedures, may not be comparable, thus explaining some apparent inconsistencies in the literature.…”

Section: Habits In Cocaine Addictionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Reduced Glutamate Turnover in the Putamen Is Linked With Automatic Habits in Human Cocaine Addiction

Ersche

Lim

Murley

et al. 2021

Biological Psychiatry

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BACKGROUND: The balance between goal-directed behavior and habits has been hypothesized to be biased toward the latter in individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD), suggesting possible neurochemical changes in the putamen, which may contribute to their compulsive behavior. METHODS: We assessed habitual behavior in 48 patients with CUD and 42 healthy control participants using a contingency degradation paradigm and the Creature of Habit Scale. In a subgroup of this sample (CUD: n = 21; control participants: n = 22), we also measured glutamate and glutamine concentrations in the left putamen using ultra-high-field (7T) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We hypothesized that increased habitual tendencies in patients with CUD would be associated with abnormal glutamatergic metabolites in the putamen. RESULTS: Compared with their non-drug-using peers, patients with CUD exhibited greater habitual tendencies during contingency degradation, which correlated with increased levels of self-reported daily habits. We further identified a significant reduction in glutamate concentration and glutamate turnover (glutamate-to-glutamine ratio) in the putamen in patients with CUD, which was significantly related to the level of self-reported daily habits. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CUD exhibit enhanced habitual behavior, as assessed both by questionnaire and by a laboratory paradigm of contingency degradation. This automatic habitual tendency is related to a reduced glutamate turnover in the putamen, suggesting a dysregulation of habits caused by chronic cocaine use.

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Section: Habits In Cocaine Addictionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Reduced Glutamate Turnover in the Putamen Is Linked With Automatic Habits in Human Cocaine Addiction

Ersche

Lim

Murley

et al. 2021

Biological Psychiatry

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“…Exclusion criteria, which applied to all participants included a history of psychotic or neurodevelopmental disorder, a traumatic brain injury, and for healthy volunteers also the use of psychoactive medication. Unrelated data of the sample have been published previously [34][35][36].…”

Section: Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype-by-diagnosis interaction influences self-control in human cocaine addiction

et al. 2023

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Not everyone who uses drugs loses control over their intake, which is a hallmark of addiction. Although familial risk studies suggest significant addiction heritability, the genetic basis of vulnerability to drug addiction remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigate the relationship between self-control, cocaine use, and the rs36024 single nucleotide polymorphism of the noradrenaline transporter gene (SLC6A2). We hypothesize that C-allele-carrying adults show impaired self-control, as measured by the stop-signal task and demonstrated previously in adolescents, and further exacerbated by chronic cocaine use. Patients with cocaine use disorder (CUD, n = 79) and healthy unrelated participants with no history of drug abuse (n = 54) completed the stop-signal task. All participants were genotyped for rs36024 allelic variants (CC/TT homozygotes, CT heterozygotes). We measured mean stop-signal reaction time, reflecting the ability to inhibit ongoing motor responses, reaction times to go stimuli, and the proportion of successful stops. CUD patients showed prolonged stop-signal reaction time, however, there was no main effect of rs36024 genotype. Importantly, there was a significant genotype-by-diagnosis interaction such that CUD patients with CC genotype had longer stop-signal reaction time and fewer successful stops compared with CC healthy controls and TT CUD patients. CT CUD patients showed an intermediate performance. Self-control deficits were associated with cocaine use disorder diagnosis, which interacts with the noradrenaline transporter rs36024 polymorphism. Our findings suggest that rs36024 may represent a potential genetic vulnerability marker, which facilitates the transition from first cocaine use to addiction by weakening the inhibitory control over behavior.

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Goal-Directed and Habitual Control in Human Drug Addiction

Lim,

Ersche

2024

Habits

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Feeding the addiction: Narrowing of goals to habits

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Reduced Glutamate Turnover in the Putamen Is Linked With Automatic Habits in Human Cocaine Addiction

Reduced Glutamate Turnover in the Putamen Is Linked With Automatic Habits in Human Cocaine Addiction

Genotype-by-diagnosis interaction influences self-control in human cocaine addiction

Goal-Directed and Habitual Control in Human Drug Addiction

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