Feeling in with the outgroup: Outgroup acceptance and the internalization of the motivation to respond without prejudice.

Kunstman, Jonathan W.; Plant, E. Ashby; Zielaskowski, Kate; LaCosse, Jennifer

doi:10.1037/a0033082

Cited by 41 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…Although numerous studies have examined the implications of Whites’ levels of internal and external motivations to avoid prejudice on their responses in interracial contexts (e.g., Kunstman, Plant, Zielaskowski, & LaCosse, 2013; Plant, Devine, & Peruche, 2010), until now research has not examined the implications of minorities’ perceptions of Whites’ internal and external motivations for interracial interactions. These are the first experiments to examine the association between minorities’ suspicions about Whites’ motives and their reactions to positive feedback directed toward themselves in intergroup interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspicion of motives predicts minorities' responses to positive feedback in interracial interactions

Major

Kunstman

Malta

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Strong social and legal norms in the United States discourage the overt expression of bias against ethnic and racial minorities, increasing the attributional ambiguity of Whites’ positive behavior to ethnic minorities. Minorities who suspect that Whites’ positive overtures toward minorities are motivated more by their fear of appearing racist than by egalitarian attitudes may regard positive feedback they receive from Whites as disingenuous. This may lead them to react to such feedback with feelings of uncertainty and threat. Three studies examined how suspicion of motives relates to ethnic minorities’ responses to receiving positive feedback from a White peer or same-ethnicity peer (Experiment 1), to receiving feedback from a White peer that was positive or negative (Experiment 2), and to receiving positive feedback from a White peer who did or did not know their ethnicity (Experiment 3). As predicted, the more suspicious Latinas were of Whites’ motives for behaving positively toward minorities in general, the more they regarded positive feedback from a White peer who knew their ethnicity as disingenuous and the more they reacted with cardiovascular reactivity characteristic of threat/avoidance, increased feelings of stress, heightened uncertainty, and decreased self-esteem. We discuss the implications for intergroup interactions of perceptions of Whites’ motives for nonprejudiced behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspicion of motives predicts minorities' responses to positive feedback in interracial interactions

Major

Kunstman

Malta

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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“…Despite much social psychological research on this construct (see Kunstman, Plant, Zielaskowski, & LaCosse, 2013), to the best of our knowledge the motivation to be unprejudiced has not been studied to date as a form of social climate and as a societal-level predictor of social minority’s experience with discrimination.…”

Section: Meta-perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What do older people think that others think of them, and does it matter? The role of meta-perceptions and social norms in the prediction of perceived age discrimination.

Vauclair¹,

Lima²,

Abrams

et al. 2016

Psychology and Aging

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Psychological theories of aging highlight the importance of social context. However, very little research has distinguished empirically between older people’s perception of how others in their social context perceive them (personal meta-perceptions) and the shared perceptions in society (societal meta-perceptions). Drawing on theories of intergroup relations and stereotyping and using a multilevel perspective, this article examines how well older people’s perceptions of age discrimination (PAD) are predicted by (a) older people’s personal meta-perceptions, (b) societal meta-perceptions, and (c) social norms of intolerance toward age prejudice. Aging meta-perceptions are differentiated into the cognitive and affective components of ageism. Multilevel analyses of data from the European Social Survey (Nover 70 years of age = 8,123, 29 countries; European Social Survey (ESS) Round 4 Data, 2008) confirmed that older people’s personal meta-perceptions of negative age stereotypes and specific intergroup emotions (pity, envy, contempt) are associated with higher PAD. However, at the societal-level, only paternalistic meta-perceptions were consistently associated with greater PAD. The results show that a few meta-perceptions operate only as a psychological phenomenon in explaining PAD, some carry consonant, and others carry contrasting effects at the societal-level of analysis. This evidence extends previous research on aging meta-perceptions by showing that both the content of meta-perceptions and the level of analysis at which they are assessed make distinct contributions to PAD. Moreover, social norms of intolerance of age prejudice have a larger statistical effect than societal meta-perceptions. Social interventions would benefit from considering these differential findings.

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“…To test these predictions, we adapted an induced compliance paradigm (Elliot & Devine, 1994; Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959), asking college students to write an essay either in favor of or against a hypothetical student organization promoting cross-group friendships, called “BadgerConnect” (Kunstman, Plant, Zielakowsky, & LaCrosse, 2013; Maner, DeWall, Baumeister, & Schaller, 2007). We measured participants' emotional responses to writing their essay and provided opportunities to support or undermine their written position by leaving anonymous comments and ratings on their own and others' online essays.…”

Section: Study 5: Mp and Resistance To An Intergroup Contact Organizamentioning

confidence: 99%

The motivation to express prejudice.

Forscher

Cox

Graetz

et al. 2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Contemporary prejudice research focuses primarily on people who are motivated to respond without prejudice and the ways in which unintentional bias can cause these people to act inconsistent with this motivation. However, some real-world phenomena (e.g., hate speech, hate crimes) and experimental findings (e.g., Plant & Devine, 2001; 2009) suggest that some expressions of prejudice are intentional. These phenomena and findings are difficult to explain solely from the motivations to respond without prejudice. We argue that some people are motivated to express prejudice, and we develop the motivation to express prejudice (MP) scale to measure this motivation. In seven studies involving more than 6,000 participants, we demonstrate that, across scale versions targeted at Black people and gay men, the MP scale has good reliability and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. In normative climates that prohibit prejudice, the internal and external motivations to express prejudice are functionally non-independent, but they become more independent when normative climates permit more prejudice toward a target group. People high in the motivation to express prejudice are relatively likely to resist pressure to support programs promoting intergroup contact and vote for political candidates who support oppressive policies. The motivation to express prejudice predicted these outcomes even when controlling for attitudes and the motivations to respond without prejudice. This work encourages contemporary prejudice researchers to broaden the range of samples, target groups, and phenomena that they study, and more generally to consider the intentional aspects of negative intergroup behavior.

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Feeling in with the outgroup: Outgroup acceptance and the internalization of the motivation to respond without prejudice.

Cited by 41 publications

References 84 publications

Suspicion of motives predicts minorities' responses to positive feedback in interracial interactions

Suspicion of motives predicts minorities' responses to positive feedback in interracial interactions

What do older people think that others think of them, and does it matter? The role of meta-perceptions and social norms in the prediction of perceived age discrimination.

The motivation to express prejudice.

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