Feelings of Contrast at Test Reduce False Memory in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott Paradigm

Cadavid, Sara; Beato, María Soledad; Suarez, Mar; Albuquerque, Pedro

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686390

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The DRM paradigm was created in an English-speaking environment, but the robustness of the false memory effect has fascinated memory researchers worldwide (e.g., Arndt, 2015;Beato et al, in press;Cadavid et al, 2021;Huff et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2019). Consequently, DRM materials have been used in different subsequently, monitoring processes fail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of memory instructions on within- and between-language false memory

Beato

Albuquerque

Cadavid

et al. 2023

Applied Psycholinguistics

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We examined the effect of memory instructions on false memory using the Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm in second-language learners. Participants studied lists of words in L1 and L2 (e.g., note, sound, piano…) associatively related to a non-presented critical lure (e.g., MUSIC). In a later recognition test, critical lures appeared in the same or the other language of their lists (i.e., within- and between-language conditions). In Experiment 1, participants should only endorse an item when study and test languages matched (i.e., restrictive instructions); that is, they should retrieve language information. In Experiment 2, participants should endorse studied items regardless of the language (i.e., inclusive instructions). With restrictive instructions, false recognition was higher in within- than between-language conditions, whereas with inclusive instructions, this result was replicated only when words were studied in L1, but not L2. Results suggested that second-language learners show false memory in their L2 and that the effect of language shift on false recognition depended on the study language.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of memory instructions on within- and between-language false memory

Beato

Albuquerque

Cadavid

et al. 2023

Applied Psycholinguistics

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“…Thus, we considered whether the baseline level of false recognition could affect the reduction of the DRM illusion. Reviewing previous work on the reduction of false recognition, we found that when the same study lists were used, the reduction of the DRM illusion occurs when using other strategies, such as the recall-to-reject strategy based on feelings of contrast (e.g., Cadavid et al, 2021). However, we do not know whether a low false recognition baseline level can affect the reduction of the DRM illusion when performing a distinctive encoding and, specifically, when performing a pleasantness rating task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Examining the effects of pleasantness ratings on correct and false recognition in the DRM paradigm: accuracy, recollection and familiarity estimates

Alvarez-Martinez,

Sampedro-Vizcaya,

Fernandez-Rey

2024

Front. Psychol.

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Distinctive encoding usually increases correct recognition while also producing a reduction in false recognition. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion this phenomenon, called the mirror effect, occurs when participants focus on unique features of each of the words in the study list. In previous studies, the pleasantness rating task, used to foster distinctive encoding, generated different patterns of results. The main aim of our research is to examine under what circumstances this task can produce the mirror effect in the DRM paradigm, based on evidence from recognition accuracy and subjective retrieval experience. In Experiment 1, a standard version (word pleasantness rating on a 5-point Likert-type scale) was used for comparison with two other encoding conditions: shallow processing (vowel identification) and a read-only control. The standard task, compared to the other conditions, increased correct recognition, but did not reduce false recognition, and this result may be affected by the number of lists presented for study. Therefore, in experiment 2, to minimize the possible effect of the so-called retention size, the number of studied lists was reduced. In addition, the standard version was compared with a supposedly more item-specific version (participants rated the pleasantness of words while thinking of a single reason for this), also including the read-only control condition. In both versions of the pleasantness rating task, more correct recognition is achieved compared to the control condition, with no differences between the two versions. In the false recognition observed here, only the specific pleasantness rating task achieved a reduction relative to the control condition. On the other hand, the subjective retrieval experience accompanied correct and false recognition in the various study conditions. Although the standard pleasantness rating task has been considered to perform item-specific processing, our results challenge that claim. Furthermore, we propose a possible boundary condition of the standard task for the reduction of false recognition in the DRM paradigm.

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“…Albeit they provided evidence in their analyses that this difference did not seem to be affecting the BAS effect on the L2, it would be advisable that there were no differences in the knowledge of word meaning between the high- and low-BAS lists. Second, the authors used DRM lists with three critical lures, which, according to Cadavid et al [ 55 ], could be reducing the false recognition rate compared to using only one critical lure per list due to the engagement of error-editing processes. Finally, Beato and Arndt used DRM lists that varied in the levels of both backward (BAS) and forward associative strength (FAS or the associative strength from the critical lure to the studied items; see [ 49 ] for a recent study independently examining the effect of BAS and FAS on false memory).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

False memory in a second language: The importance of controlling the knowledge of word meaning

Suarez

Beato

2023

PLoS ONE

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In the globalized world we live in, it is increasingly common for people to speak more than one language. Although research in psychology has been widely interested in the study of false memories with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, to date, there is a scarcity of studies comparing false memories in the first and the second language (L1 and L2, respectively). It is noteworthy that one of the most studied variables in the DRM paradigm, the backward associative strength (BAS), has hardly been studied in the L2. Moreover, the only study that recently examined this matter found differences in the knowledge of L2-word meaning between the high-BAS and low-BAS lists, which would hinder the interpretation of the BAS effect in L2 false memories. Taking all this into account, the current work examined false memories in the L1 (Spanish) and the L2 (English) as a function of BAS overcoming the limitations of the previous study. We selected DRM lists using both Spanish and English free association norms and lists were constructed to vary in BAS values while controlling the knowledge of word meaning. Results showed that false recognition was greater in the L1 or dominant language than in the L2 or non-dominant language. Furthermore, BAS modulated the false recognition in both the L1 and the L2. That is, false recognition was higher in high-BAS than low-BAS lists in both languages. Sensitivity index from the signal-detection theory helped us gain further insight into these results. The main findings are discussed in the light of theoretical models from both the false memory and the second language processing literature. Finally, practical implications and future research are provided.

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Feelings of Contrast at Test Reduce False Memory in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott Paradigm

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

The effect of memory instructions on within- and between-language false memory

The effect of memory instructions on within- and between-language false memory

Examining the effects of pleasantness ratings on correct and false recognition in the DRM paradigm: accuracy, recollection and familiarity estimates

False memory in a second language: The importance of controlling the knowledge of word meaning

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