Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) envrecombinants are common in natural infections

Bęczkowski, Paweł M.; Hughes, Joseph; Biek, Roman; Litster, Annette; Willett, Brian J.; Hosie, Margaret J.

doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0080-1

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Recent studies further [47]. Variants characterized as Env recombinant viruses have also been described [48]. Notably, specific changes in the env gene sequence mapped over longitudinal time points of infection resulted in FIV variants that lost dependence for binding to the CRD2 domain of CD134 for virus entry.…”

Section: Fiv Receptor Usagementioning

confidence: 96%

Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review

Eckstrand

Sparger

Murphy

2017

Journal of General Virology

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Infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lentivirus similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), results in lifelong viral persistence and progressive immunopathology in the cat. FIV has the ability to infect and produce infectious virus in a number of different cell types. FIV provirus can also be maintained in a replication-competent but transcriptionally quiescent state, facilitating viral persistence over time. Immediately after the initial infection, FIV infection quickly disseminates to many anatomical compartments within the host including lymphoid organs, gastrointestinal tract and brain. Collectively, the anatomic and cellular compartments that harbour FIV provirus constitute the viral reservoir and contain foci of both ongoing viral replication and transcriptionally restricted virus that may persist over time. The relative importance of the different phenotypes observed for infected cells, anatomic compartment, replication status and size of the reservoir represent crucial areas of investigation for developing effective viral suppression and eradication therapies. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about FIV reservoirs, and emphasize the utility of the FIV-infected cat as a model for the HIV-infected human.

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Section: Fiv Receptor Usagementioning

confidence: 96%

Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review

Eckstrand

Sparger

Murphy

2017

Journal of General Virology

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“…Although >41 % of cats were infected with circulating recombinant viruses, we found no evidence of within-host recombination (Bęczkowski et al , 2014a). At the intra-host level, sequential sequences amplified from 93 % (40/43) of cats clustered together in monophyletic groups, whilst sequences from three cats (M5, P8 and P21), amplified at different time points, showed incongruent phylogenetic assignment (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…To explore the variation in mean pairwise distances of three structural fragments of env , a general linear model (Khan, 2013) was used with ‘structural fragment of the env ’ and ‘time point’ as fixed effects and ‘cat’ as a random effect. No evidence of recombination within hosts was found using rigorous fivefold recombination testing (Bęczkowski et al , 2014a). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Employing gard (Kosakovsky Pond et al , 2006a) and jpHMM (Schultz et al , 2006) recombination detection methods, we recently observed an abundance of recombinant env sequences in natural FIV infection, emphasizing the important role of recombination in generating viral diversity at the population level and highlighting the limitations of the current phylogenetic classification of FIV (Bęczkowski et al , 2014a). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid evolution of the env gene leader sequence in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus

Bęczkowski

Hughes

Biek

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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Analysing the evolution of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) at the intra-host level is important in order to address whether the diversity and composition of viral quasispecies affect disease progression. We examined the intra-host diversity and the evolutionary rates of the entire env and structural fragments of the env sequences obtained from sequential blood samples in 43 naturally infected domestic cats that displayed different clinical outcomes. We observed in the majority of cats that FIV env showed very low levels of intra-host diversity. We estimated that env evolved at a rate of 1.16×10−3 substitutions per site per year and demonstrated that recombinant sequences evolved faster than non-recombinant sequences. It was evident that the V3–V5 fragment of FIV env displayed higher evolutionary rates in healthy cats than in those with terminal illness. Our study provided the first evidence that the leader sequence of env, rather than the V3–V5 sequence, had the highest intra-host diversity and the highest evolutionary rate of all env fragments, consistent with this region being under a strong selective pressure for genetic variation. Overall, FIV env displayed relatively low intra-host diversity and evolved slowly in naturally infected cats. The maximum evolutionary rate was observed in the leader sequence of env. Although genetic stability is not necessarily a prerequisite for clinical stability, the higher genetic stability of FIV compared with human immunodeficiency virus might explain why many naturally infected cats do not progress rapidly to AIDS.

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“…The env protein has been deemed as a dominant antigen in immune responses to FIV. Therefore, the study of FIV diversity has focused on the env gene (Rigby et al, 1993;Sodora et al, 1994;Kraase et al, 2010;Beczkowski et al, 2014). FIV falls into five subtypes (A, B, C, D, and E) with a worldwide distribution according to variation of the env V3-V5 region (Greene et al, 1993;Langley et al, 1994;Sodora et al, 1994;Kakinuma et al, 1995;Pecoraro et al, 1996;Kraase et al, 2010;Samman et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence and genetic diversity of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus among stray cats in Harbin, China

Пан¹,

Wang²,

Wang³

2018

Turk J Zool

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are typical retroviruses that are transmitted horizontally among felines. FIV results in symptoms of immunodeficiency such as weight loss, chronic lesions, opportunistic infections, and neurological abnormalities, while FeLV is known to cause a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases in cats, such as thymic lymphoma, multicentric lymphoma myelodysplastic syndromes, acute myeloid leukemia, aplastic anemia, and immunodeficiency. The prevalence and genetic diversity of FIV and FeLV in stray cats have not been investigated. In this study, polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to test 198 blood samples from stray cats from Harbin, China, for FIV infection, FeLV seropositivity, and the prevalent subtypes of FIV. The gag capsid amino terminus and env V3-V5 regions of FIV samples were used to perform phylogenetic analysis. In total, 3% (6/198) of the stray cats from five districts of Harbin was PCR-were ELISA-positive for FIV. The FeLV positivity rate was 1% (2/198). Phylogenetic analysis of the gag and env sequences showed that cats were infected with FIV subtype A. This is the first study examining the prevalence rates of FIV and FeLV and the prevalent subtypes of FIV of stray cats in Harbin. These studies will enrich the epidemiological understanding of FIV and FeLV.

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) envrecombinants are common in natural infections

Cited by 13 publications

References 52 publications

Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review

Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review

Rapid evolution of the env gene leader sequence in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus

The prevalence and genetic diversity of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus among stray cats in Harbin, China

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