Female Adolescent Athletes’ Awareness of the Connection between Menstrual Status and Bone Health

Feldmann, Jennifer; Belsha, Jerissa; Eissa, Mona A.; Middleman, Amy B.

doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.05.011

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Interestingly, participation in lean-build sports, a history of amenorrhea, and a history of stress fracture were all correlated with not taking action to correct the amenorrhea [104]. In an American study of 103 female high school track athletes, ≥90 % provided incorrect answers about consequences of bone loss and the link to menstrual irregularity [105]. Thus, improving athletes' knowledge and attitudes regarding the Triad is paramount.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the female athlete triad

Barrack

Ackerman

Gibbs

2013

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Updated prevalence estimates of all 3 components of the Female Athlete Triad, a syndrome characterized by low energy availability, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis, is low (0 %-16 %), however, estimates of 1 or 2 concurrent components approach 50 %-60 % among certain athlete groups. Recent research identifies components of the Triad among female adolescent athletes, particularly those participating in leanness sports, such as endurance running. This is alarming, as adolescents require adequate nutrition and normal hormone function to optimize bone mineral gains during this critical developmental period. Current literature highlights new assessments, such as measurements of bone microarchitecture and hormone levels to better evaluate bone strength and the hormonal and metabolic profile of athletes with and at risk for the Triad. Recent data also provides support for additional potential consequences of the Triad, such as endothelial dysfunction and related cardiovascular effects, stress fractures, and musculoskeletal injuries. Additional prospective research is needed to evaluate long-term indicators and consequences of the Triad and identify effective behavioral treatment strategies.

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Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the female athlete triad

Barrack

Ackerman

Gibbs

2013

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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“…Alongside with the regular training, a female athlete has to battle with pain and discomfort when she is having her menstruation. Majority of athletes in different disciplines do not know that untreated menstrual disorders have a negative health effects (Miller et al, 2012;Feldmann et al, 2011). Lack of awareness is one of the barriers to healthy menstrual practices in rural Bangladeshi adolescent girls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent athlete’s knowledge, attitude and practices about menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in BKSP, Bangladesh

Asha¹,

Karim²,

Bakhtiar³

et al. 2019

Asian J. Med. Biol. Res

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Maintaining proper hygiene during menstruation prevents certain reproductive illnesses. For female athletes, they need to put an extra effort to keep themselves healthy at this time because of their daily strenuous activities. In this study, we assessed the level of knowledge, attitude and practices about menstrual hygiene management among adolescent trainee athletes. A cross-sectional study was carried out among adolescent trainee athletes from BKSP. Samples were chosen conveniently from different sports departments. In total, 143 Female athletes who regularly menstruate were included. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practices and their associated factors. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means of outcome variables. The mean ± SD age of our participant was 14.31 ± 1.48. Majority of the participants were scared during their first menstruation (39.9%). Mothers were the main source of information (84.6%). Majority of the participants had poor knowledge (56.6%) and practices (68.5%) while the level of attitude was good (67.1) regarding menstruation. Age-group was associated with knowledge score (p=0.034) regarding menstruation while family income was associated with attitude (p=0.014). Educational level of father was associated with both knowledge (p=0.049) and attitude (p=0.010). Poor level of knowledge and practices were observed among the survey respondents, though the level of attitude was satisfactory. Mothers were the primary source of information regarding menstrual hygiene. It is important to provide menstrual hygiene education to the young athletes from a reliable and formal source. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(2): 126-137

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“…There is a disturbingly low level of knowledge among athletes of different sports disciplines regarding the potential health effects of untreated menstrual dysfunctions [4,5]. Young female athletes are not aware that a long-term negative energy balance, inadequate nutrient intake, and endocrine disorders including the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis are particularly dangerous in the period of achieving the peak bone mass and may contribute to metabolism disturbances in the skeletal tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary intervention in young female athletes with menstrual disorders

Łagowska

Kapczuk

Friebe

et al. 2014

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three months of dietary intervention on menstrual cycle in young female athletes with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea.MethodsFrom forty-five female professional athletes with menstrual irregularity that were recruited thirty-one, aged 18.1 ± 2.6 years, completed the study and were analyzed. Hyperprolactinemia, thyroid dysfunction, primary ovarian failure and hyperandrogenism were excluded in the study participants. The subjects started intense training at the age of 11.2 ± 3.5 years and continued during next 6.8 ± 3.3 years. Energy and nutrients intake, total energy expenditure, energy availability and body composition as well as serum concentrations of LH, FSH, 17 – beta estradiol and progesterone were measured at the beginning of the study and after three months of individualized dietary intervention.ResultsFollowing three months of dietary intervention significant increase in energy intake (2354 ± 539 vs. 258 8 ± 557 kcal, P = 0.004) and energy availability (28.3 ± 9.2 vs. 35.8 ± 12.3 kcal/kg FFM/d, P = 0.011) was observed as well as improved energy balance (−288 ± 477 vs. -51 ± 224 kcal/d, P = 0.002). Though no changes in BMI and body composition were noted but significant rise in LH concentrations (3.04 ± 1.63 vs. 4.59 ± 2.53 mIU/ml, P = 0.009) and LH to FSH ratio (0.84 ± 0.56 vs. 0.96 ± 0.52, P = 0.001) was achieved, but no restoration of menstrual cyclicity.ConclusionsThis report provides further support for the role of energy deficiency in menstrual disorders among young female athletes and the benefits of an adequate energy intake and energy availability on hormones concentration. Continuation controlled dietary intervention is needed to assess the extent to which long-term improvement in the nutritional status results in improvements in the hormonal status of female athletes, to an extent that would allow the regulation of the menstrual cyclity.

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Female Adolescent Athletes’ Awareness of the Connection between Menstrual Status and Bone Health

Cited by 34 publications

References 18 publications

Update on the female athlete triad

Update on the female athlete triad

Adolescent athlete’s knowledge, attitude and practices about menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in BKSP, Bangladesh

Effects of dietary intervention in young female athletes with menstrual disorders

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