Female Athlete Triad

Matzkin, Elizabeth; Curry, Emily J.; Whitlock, Kaitlyn

doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-14-00168

Cited by 72 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In females, insufficient energy intake leads to body weight loss that also causes hypoestrogenic menstrual abnormalities. The female athlete triad, low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density, is prevalent in sports activities, particularly endurance sports such as marathons as well as aesthetic sports such as gymnastics and ballet (Matzkin et al 2015). ERs are expressed in a variety of tissues including bone and muscle (Mauvais-Jarvis 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogens maintain skeletal muscle and satellite cell functions

Kitajima

Ono

2016

Journal of Endocrinology

124

115

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Estrogens have crucial roles in an extensive range of physiological functions regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation, development, homeostasis, and metabolism. Therefore, prolonged estrogen insufficiency influences various types of tissues expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). Although ERs are expressed in skeletal muscle and its stem cells, called satellite cells, how prolonged estrogen insufficiency affects their function remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of estrogen reduction on muscle in young ovariectomized (OVX) female mice. We found that reduced estrogens resulted in muscle atrophy in a time-dependent manner. Muscle force generation was reduced in OVX mice. Interestingly, prolonged estrogen insufficiency shifted fiber types toward faster myosin heavy chain isoforms. The number of satellite cells per isolated myofiber was unchanged, while satellite cell expansion, differentiation, and self-renewal were all markedly impaired in OVX mice. Indeed, muscle regeneration was significantly compromised in OVX mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that estrogens are essential for comprehensively maintaining muscle function with its insufficiency affecting muscle strength and regeneration in young female mice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogens maintain skeletal muscle and satellite cell functions

Kitajima

Ono

2016

Journal of Endocrinology

124

115

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“…Data on specific sports performed were available only for a small portion of the sample and so are not discussed. It would have been important to define what specific sports activities the participants with EDs were engaged in to determine whether new sports activities should be added to the list of known “high-risk” sports for EDs (e.g., gymnastics, ice skating, dancing, swimming, track, wrestling) (Joy et al, 2016; Matzkin, Curry, & Whitlock, 2015). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of a history of childhood-onset obesity and dieting with eating disorders

et al. 2017

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This was a retrospective, observational chart review conducted on a convenience sample of 537 outpatients, aged 16–60 years, referred to an Italian Dietetic and Nutrition University Center. The study aimed to look at the association between a history of childhood obesity and dieting behaviors with development of eating disorders (EDs) at a later age. Subjects with a history of EDs (n = 118), assessed using both self-report and health records, were compared with those with no EDs (n = 419), who were attending the clinic mainly for primary prevention of metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of childhood-onset obesity with development of an ED at a later age. Childhood-onset obesity, gender, maternal history of eating disorders, and dieting were associated with a positive history of EDs at a later age (p <.05). It is important to raise professional awareness of early symptoms of EDs in children with a history of obesity and treat them accordingly.

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“…There is the well-described female athlete triad (also known as relative energy deficit in sport) [54] of associated eating disorders, amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea, and osteopenia from low total energy (calories) availability. Most such women who compete in sports such as distance running, diving, and figure skating have hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with low plasma concentrations of sex steroids, gonadotropins, insulin, IGF-I and increased levels of IGFBP-1 and cortisol [53-56].…”

Section: Athletes and Hyperandrogenemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interconnected Histories of Endocrinology and Eligibility in Women’s Sport

Rogol

Pieper

2018

Horm Res Paediatr

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This report illustrates the links between history, sport, endocrinology, and genetics to show the ways in which historical context is key to understanding the current conversations and controversies about who may compete in the female category in elite sport. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) introduced hyperandrogenemia regulations for women’s competitions in 2011, followed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for the 2012 Olympics. The policies concern female athletes who naturally produce higher-than-average levels of testosterone and want to compete in the women’s category. Hyperandrogenemia guidelines are the current effort in a long series of attempts to determine women’s eligibility scientifically. Scientific endeavors to control who may participate as a woman illustrate the impossibility of neatly classifying competitors by sex and discriminate against women with differences of sex development (also called intersex by some).

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Female Athlete Triad

Cited by 72 publications

References 32 publications

Estrogens maintain skeletal muscle and satellite cell functions

Estrogens maintain skeletal muscle and satellite cell functions

Association of a history of childhood-onset obesity and dieting with eating disorders

The Interconnected Histories of Endocrinology and Eligibility in Women’s Sport

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