Female Athlete Triad

Williams, Nancy I.; Statuta, Siobhán M.; Austin, Ashley

doi:10.1016/j.csm.2017.05.003

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…A large volume of work spanning nearly three decades has identified the Female Athlete Triad, a syndrome consisting of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis (Yeager et al, 1993;Otis et al, 1997;Ranson et al, 2018). Although these three signs tend to be the most commonly thought of, the triad syndrome has been updated to include broader conditions: low energy availability (with or without disordered eating), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (Nattiv et al, 2007;Williams et al, 2017). Recently, a parallel to the Female Athlete Triad has been proposed for male athletes that comprises hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, low energy availability, and low mineral bone density (Tenforde et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of the male triad appear to be less frequent, less severe, and more treatable than the female triad ( De Souza et al, 2019 ). Central to the athlete triad of both men and women is low energy availability, which is frequently exacerbated by disordered eating ( Williams et al, 2017 ). For both men and women, the etiology of the triad is similar: pressure to enhance performance or maintain an advantageous aesthetic can lead to an athlete expending excessive energy in their exercise and consuming insufficient nutrients to maintain homeostasis ( Torstveit et al, 2008 ; Sundgot-Borgen and Torstveit, 2010 ; Ranson et al, 2018 ; De Souza et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Alexithymia, and Social Phobia Are Associated With Disordered Eating in Male and Female Undergraduate Athletes

2020

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Investigations of disordered eating in the athlete population tend to focus on females and the influence of sport level. This leaves unanswered whether, and how, team interdependence (i.e., whether the competition is engaged with one person or as a team) may differentially impact male athletes. In the present study, we recruited a sample of non-athletes, individual athletes, and team athletes and examined the interaction of gender and teammate interdependence on established psychosocial risk factors for disordered eating, including social phobia, alexithymia, and emotion regulation. Although we identified a significant main effect of gender, there was no main effect of team type, nor was there a significant interaction of gender and team type. Using descriptive discriminant analysis, these variables significantly discriminated between genders. Women were defined by higher scores than men on drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and emotion recognition and men were defined by relatively higher scores on emotion dysregulation and binge eating. When we combined all athletes and compared them with non-athletes, a significant interaction of gender and athlete status emerged such that female athletes, compared to male athletes and women nonathletes, were defined by higher scores on drive for thinness, emotion dysregulation, and binge eating. Conversely, male athletes, compared to female athletes, were defined by greater difficulty identifying feelings and body dissatisfaction. Non-athletes were not well defined by the discriminant function. These results highlight that emotional processes convey risk of eating disorders in men and women, particularly in athletes, and these risk factors are not uniform.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Alexithymia, and Social Phobia Are Associated With Disordered Eating in Male and Female Undergraduate Athletes

2020

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“…In the present study, younger athletes reported higher rates of menstrual dysfunction than older athletes, which contradicts the findings of Torstveit and Sundgot-Borgen [ 8 ], who found no difference in menstrual dysfunction prevalence in athletes or controls divided into three age groups (16–19, 20–29, and 30–39 years). However, it has been suggested that the risk of menstrual dysfunction decreases with advanced gynecological age (chronological age minus age at menarche) [ 35 ], which might explain our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Self-Reported Restrictive Eating, Eating Disorders, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Injuries in Athletes Competing at Different Levels and Sports

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of self-reported restrictive eating, current or past eating disorder, and menstrual dysfunction and their relationships with injuries. Furthermore, we aimed to compare these prevalences and associations between younger (aged 15–24) and older (aged 25–45) athletes, between elite and non-elite athletes, and between athletes competing in lean and non-lean sports. Data were collected using a web-based questionnaire. Participants were 846 female athletes representing 67 different sports. Results showed that 25%, 18%, and 32% of the athletes reported restrictive eating, eating disorders, and menstrual dysfunction, respectively. Higher rates of lean sport athletes compared with non-lean sport athletes reported these symptoms, while no differences were found between elite and non-elite athletes. Younger athletes reported higher rates of menstrual dysfunction and lower lifetime prevalence of eating disorders. Both restrictive eating (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02–1.94) and eating disorders (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.31–2.73) were associated with injuries, while menstrual dysfunction was associated with more missed participation days compared with a regular menstrual cycle (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.05–3.07). Our findings indicate that eating disorder symptoms and menstrual dysfunction are common problems in athletes that should be managed properly as they are linked to injuries and missed training/competition days.

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“…Table 4. The number of examinees in groups with BMI<18,5 kg/m 2 deficiency or of eating disorders, ranging from 7.1% to unbelievable 89.2% depending on a sport (Williams, Statuta and Austin, 2017). Diagnostic screening tests, suggested to be used in primary health care, are of great value and we used them as well.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition, Eating Habits and Risk Factors for the Development of Eating Disorder in Female Elite Athletes

Ponorac¹,

Spremo²,

Sobot³

2018

sgia

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The number of women who actively participate in sports has drastically increased in the last few decades, which is a trend followed by many health benefits and serious harmful health side effects as well. The Female Athlete Triad stands out among these as a condition which includes eating disorders, menstrual disorders and osteoporosis. Eating disorders are the first link to which all other disorders are later attached, while the risk for their development remains undetected despite the specificities of certain sports. They often develop out of eating restrictions (diets) or out of an unhealthy eating habit. The aims of this paper were to detect risks for the development of eating disorders by 1) determining body composition parameters and harmful eating habits and 2) identifying risk factors suggested by American Academy of Family Physicians. The sample of examinees was comprised of elite female athletes (N=111) divided into three groups (sports that use a ball, dance and athletics), each with different risks for the development of eating disorders. The control group (N=27) consisted of non-athlete female students. They had their body composition and BMI determined and they answered a questionnaire which estimated risks for the development of eating disorders in primary health care. Based on the answers to screening questions and eating habits, the results showed significantly higher risks for the development of eating disorders in the athletes' group, compared to the control group. Low BMI of less than 18.5, as a direct criterion for energy deficiency, was also more present (p<0,05) in the athletes' group. Therefore, based on body index values and key screening questions, we conclude that active participation in sports carries a higher risk for the development of eating disorders.

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Female Athlete Triad

Cited by 43 publications

References 118 publications

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Alexithymia, and Social Phobia Are Associated With Disordered Eating in Male and Female Undergraduate Athletes

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Alexithymia, and Social Phobia Are Associated With Disordered Eating in Male and Female Undergraduate Athletes

Self-Reported Restrictive Eating, Eating Disorders, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Injuries in Athletes Competing at Different Levels and Sports

Body Composition, Eating Habits and Risk Factors for the Development of Eating Disorder in Female Elite Athletes

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