Female Combatants, Peace Process and the Exclusion

Shekhawat, Seema; Pathak, Bishnu Deep

doi:10.1057/9781137516565.0007

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Although the participation of women in the FARC-EP, particularly at command level, falls short of the experience of other insurgent groups (Alison, 2003, 2011; Boutron, 2013, 2015; Knapp et al, 2016; Szekely, 2020; White, 2015), it was still very significant. Among guerrilla ranks, 33% of combatants were women (UNAL, 2017).…”

Section: Farc-ep Women’s Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Gender relations are well entrenched in those structures of violence (Anglin, 1998), and the reordering process is precisely the process by which that structural and gendered violence becomes normative in the post-conflict scenario. Women combatants are critical to countering the reordering process because they represent a challenge to the traditional authority of state and family, and their reintegration in post-conflict reconstruction, as has been noted, ‘requires basic changes in society and politics’ (Boutron, 2015: 163).…”

Section: Women Peace and The Reordering Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiences of marginalisation of demobilised women in post-conflict scenarios are certainly not a Colombian particularity; whether in Palestine, Nepal or Sri Lanka, there are similar experiences of women being pathologised, shamed and forced back to traditional roles with which they no longer identify (Azmi, 2015; Bloom and Lokmanoglu, 2020; Chinkin and Charlesworth, 2006; Gentry and Sjoberg, 2015; Hauge, 2020). However, as stated before, factors such as the nature of the rebel movement and the outcome of the conflict may affect how and to what extent reordering takes place.…”

Section: The Unspoken Red-line: Women Peace and Reintegrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The unspoken red-line in Colombia: Gender reordering of women ex-combatants and the transformative peace agenda

Gutiérrez¹,

Murphy²

2022

Cooperation and Conflict

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Academic perspectives on women in conflict have been consistently moving away from the reductionist narrative of victimhood or deviation from gender norms. Yet, this narrative is still predominant in humanitarian discourses, while it is assumed that women’s participation in peacebuilding derives from their natural proclivities. These narratives, we argue, reinforce the gendered patriarchal post-conflict order as ex-combatant women are pushed into traditional roles through reintegration processes without addressing gendered structural and systemic violence. This article is based on the Colombian case, where a peace agreement in 2016 marked the official end to decades of conflict between FARC-EP rebels and the government. While deep changes were promised, the reality for women ex-combatants has been – despite unprecedented levels of women’s participation – a reordering into traditional roles and a reinforcement of conjugal order rather than a transformative progression towards peacetime emancipation. We argue that, while the government claimed that the economic and political systems were non-negotiable red-lines, there was also another unspoken red-line: that of gender roles. This article argues that addressing the gendered structural roots of conflicts in order to build sustainable peace requires a decisive participation of women, including former rebel combatants whose potential contribution to transformative peacebuilding are often ignored.

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Section: Farc-ep Women’s Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Women Peace and The Reordering Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Unspoken Red-line: Women Peace and Reintegrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The unspoken red-line in Colombia: Gender reordering of women ex-combatants and the transformative peace agenda

Gutiérrez¹,

Murphy²

2022

Cooperation and Conflict

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“…The egalitarian approach of the resolution reaffirms the four Ps of women's rights: Participation, Prevention, Promotion, and Protection. Despite women's more recent inclusion, war is largely understood as a masculine endeavor for which a woman may serve as a victim, spectator, or prize (Shekhawat, 2015). However, women have played an active role in both wartime and peacebuilding.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feminization of Female FARC-EP Combatants: From War Battle to Social-Economical Struggle

Lopera-Arbeláez

2022

Journal of Peacebuilding & Development

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Women combatants of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP) participated in the Colombian peace process at different stages, at the negotiation table, at the signing of the agreement, and in the implementation of the accords. However, the process of reincorporation into civil society also produces new roles that do not appear in the Peace Agreement. Once they lay down their arms, FARC-EP women want to enjoy all human rights and expand their freedoms. But the societies that receive them have structural flaws in the way they are treated. They are acquiring, adapting, or resisting gender regulations, not widely available in the armed group. Based on qualitative fieldwork, this research aims to expose functionings and real capabilities, in the light of dimensions of reincorporation. Further evaluations of achievements and limitations suggest that female FARC-EP ex-combatants face greater barriers, burdens, and gaps than their male counterparts. These refer to unpaid domestic and care work, and gender-based violence and discrimination.

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“…32 Structural factors including patriarchy and gender bias that work against women such as inequality of income, class differences, caste hierarchy and cultural systems remain relatively in tact despite the war, and so do discriminatory legal systems. 33 Although Nepal's social and political landscape has been rapidly transforming, the patriarchal system is still prevalent and is reflected in the Nepalese marriage system, family relations, caste system, cultural practices, inheritance system and some legal frameworks, 34 all of which limit gender equality. For example, even after the declaration of the new 2015 constitution, women do not have equal citizenship rights, inheritance rights or property rights equal to men.…”

Section: Structural Factors Which Sustain or Challenge Reintegrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Everyday realities of reintegration: experiences of Maoist ‘verified’ women ex-combatants in the aftermath of war in Nepal

Luna

2019

Conflict, Security & Development

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Global studies of women's experiences in the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process have explored its implications for women in the postwar period. Scholars have also already pointed out that ex-combatants in Nepal are facing difficulties in the reintegration period. This paper examines in particular the consequences of the DDR process for so-called Maoist 'verified' women ex-combatants, those who were formally acknowledged as former Maoist combatants and have experienced the entire DDR process. The paper asks how they experienced this process and how it shaped their post-conflict options. The paper first problematises the idea of a 'return to normalcy' and, second, shows how female ex-combatants suffered multiple forms of marginalisation as they sought to give new shape to their lives. I argue that this is in part due to the lack of a genderinclusive framework in the DDR policy in Nepal and the failure to take into account the voices of women ex-combatants.

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Female Combatants, Peace Process and the Exclusion

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The unspoken red-line in Colombia: Gender reordering of women ex-combatants and the transformative peace agenda

The unspoken red-line in Colombia: Gender reordering of women ex-combatants and the transformative peace agenda

Feminization of Female FARC-EP Combatants: From War Battle to Social-Economical Struggle

Everyday realities of reintegration: experiences of Maoist ‘verified’ women ex-combatants in the aftermath of war in Nepal

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