Female genital cutting in Hargeisa, Somaliland: is there a move towards less severe forms?

Lunde, Ingvild Bergom; Sagbakken, Mette

doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(14)43759-5

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In Somalia, ‘Sunna’ and ‘Pharaonic circumcision’ are commonly used to define different forms of FGC. ‘Pharaonic circumcision’ usually refers to infibulation where the vaginal orifice is narrowed (FGC type III), whereas ‘Sunna circumcision’ usually refers to less extensive forms than infibulation, including or excluding pricking [37]. Thus, the use of the term ‘Sunna circumcision’ could fuel the idea that pricking is a religious Sunna (desirable to do but not a requirement).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden

et al. 2017

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BackgroundPricking, classified as female genital cutting (FGC) type IV by the World Health Organization, is an under-researched area gaining momentum among diaspora communities. Our aim was to explore factors associated with being supportive of pricking among Somalis in Sweden.MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, attitudes and knowledge regarding FGC, and measures of socioeconomic status, acculturation, and social capital, were assessed by a 49-item questionnaire in four municipalities in Sweden. Data were collected in 2015 from 648 Somali men and women, ≥ 18 years old, of which 113 supported the continuation of pricking. Logistic regression was used for the analysis.ResultsThose more likely to support the continuation of pricking were older, originally from rural areas, and newly arrived in Sweden. Further, those who reported that they thought pricking was: acceptable, according to their religion (aOR: 10.59, 95% CI: 5.44–20.62); not a violation of children’s rights (aOR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.46–5.61); and did not cause long-term health complications (aOR: 5.52, 95% CI: 2.25–13.52) had higher odds of supporting pricking. Religion was strongly associated with the support of pricking among both genders. However, for men, children’s rights and the definition of pricking as FGC or not were important aspects in how they viewed pricking, while, for women, health complications and respectability were important.ConclusionsValues known to be associated with FGC in general are also related to pricking. Hence, there seems to be a change in what types of FGC are supported rather than in their perceived values.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0351-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden

et al. 2017

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“…Therefore we assumed a zero prevalence of type III in these four countries. Generally, available data on types of FGM/C is found to be much less reliable than prevalence data, with a tendency to under-report type III [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the magnitude of female genital mutilation/cutting in Norway: an extrapolation model

Ziyada

Norberg-Schulz²,

Johansen

2015

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundWith emphasis on policy implications, the main objective of this study was to estimate the numbers of two main groups affected by FGM/C in Norway: 1) those already subjected to FGM/C and therefore potentially in need for health care and 2) those at risk of FGM/C and consequently the target of preventive and protective measures. Special attention has been paid to type III as it is associated with more severe complications.MethodsRegister data from Statistics Norway (SSB) was combined with population-based survey data on FGM/C in the women/girls’ countries of origin.ResultsAs of January 1st 2013, there were 44,467 first and second-generation female immigrants residing in Norway whose country of origin is one of the 29 countries where FGM/C is well documented. About 40 pct. of these women and girls are estimated to have already been subjected to FGM/C prior to immigration to Norway. Type III is estimated in around 50 pct. of those already subjected to FGM/C. Further, a total of 15,500 girls are identified as potentially at risk, out of which an approximate number of girls ranging between 3000 and 7900 are estimated to be at risk of FGM/C.ConclusionReliable estimates on FGM/C are important for evidence-based policies. The study findings indicate that about 17,300 women and girls in Norway can be in need of health care, in particular the 9100 who are estimated to have type III. Preventive and protective measures are also needed to protect girls at risk (3000 to 7900) from being subjected to FGM/C. Nevertheless, as there are no appropriate tools at the moment that can single these girls out of all who are potentially at risk, all girls in the potentially at risk group (15,500) should be targeted with preventive measures.

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“…However, the actual prevalence of infibulation is likely to be even higher as there is a general tendency to underreport the extent of female genital cutting (Crawford and Ali 2014;Elmusharaf, Elhadi, and Almroth 2006;Ismail 2010;lunde and Sagbakken 2014). This is partly due to the lack of a uniform definition regarding what constitutes sunna.…”

Section: Female Genital Cutting Among Somali and Sudanese Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Undoing female genital cutting: perceptions and experiences of infibulation, defibulation and virginity among Somali and Sudanese migrants in Norway

Johansen

2016

Culture, Health & Sexuality

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This paper explores the dynamics of change in meaning-making about female genital cutting among migrants from Somalia and Sudan residing in Norway. In both countries, female genital cutting is almost universal, and most women are subjected to the most extensive form -infibulation -which entails the physical closure of the vulva. This closure must later be re-opened, or defibulated, to enable sexual intercourse and childbirth. Defibulation can also ease other negative health consequences of the practice. In Norway, surgical defibulation is provided on demand by the public health services, also beyond the traditional contexts of marriage and childbirth. This study explores experiences and perceptions of premarital defibulation. It explores whether Somali and Sudanese men and women understand defibulation as a purely medical issue or whether their use of the services is also affected by the cultural meaning of infibulation. This study analyses data from in-depth interviews with 36 women and men of Somali and Sudanese origin as well as participant observation conducted in various settings during 2014-2015. It reports that although all of the informants displayed negative attitudes towards infibulation, cultural meanings associated with virginity and virtue constitute a significant barrier to the uptake of premarital defibulation.

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Female genital cutting in Hargeisa, Somaliland: is there a move towards less severe forms?

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden

Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden

Estimating the magnitude of female genital mutilation/cutting in Norway: an extrapolation model

Undoing female genital cutting: perceptions and experiences of infibulation, defibulation and virginity among Somali and Sudanese migrants in Norway

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