Female genital mutilation: an analysis of 522 cases in South-Western Nigeria

Dare, F.O.; Oboro, VO; Fadiora, S O; Eo, Orji; Sule-Odu, AO; Olabode, TO

doi:10.1080/01443610410001660850

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Instead, changes have moved from more to less extensive forms of FGM/C, or medicalisation of the practice. Types 1, 2 and 3 can accrue physical consequences, such as haemorrhage, infection, chronic pain, dysuria, pelvic inflammatory disease, keloid scarring, sexual dysfunction, infertility, and birth complications (Alsibiani & Rouzi, 2010;Banks, Meirik, Farley, & Akande, 2006;Behrendt & Moritz, 2005;Dare et al, 2004;Toubia, 1995). In contrast, other studies report positive outcomes, which include enhanced sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction and more frequent sexual activity (Ahmadu & Shweder, 2009;Catania, 2007;Esho, 2010).…”

Section: Health Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychological impact of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) on girls/women’s mental health: a narrative literature review

Mulongo

Martin

McAndrew

2014

Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology

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Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is the procedure of removing healthy external genitalia from girls/women for socio-cultural reasons. There is much scientific literature on the adverse physical health complications that can result from having FGM/C, but little is known about its psychological impact and treatment. Objective: To identify psychological problems that may follow from a woman having FGM/C and success of treatment herein, and relate findings to the role of the maternity care professional. Study design: A structured narrative review, which identified 10 studies, was carried out. Findings: Eight of ten studies reported psychological consequences, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and affective disorders. Also identified were socio-cultural differences in the meaning of perceived consequences for different individuals. Two studies reported inconclusive results regarding the psychological impact of FGM/C on women's lives. Key conclusion: While these findings provide an indication of adverse psychological effects of women/ girls having FGM/C, more studies are needed. In particular, studies that focus on the role that cutting extent, circumstances surrounding the cutting, and girls' level of knowledge of what was going to take place, and their relationships to psychological outcomes. Implications for Practice: Raising awareness of the risk of negative psychological consequences is important, with maternal health care professionals requiring training on how to treat and care for women/girls who are suffering problems that result from having FGM/C.

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Section: Health Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychological impact of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) on girls/women’s mental health: a narrative literature review

Mulongo

Martin

McAndrew

2014

Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology

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“…The immediate health complications include shock, hemorrhage, infection, and psychological sequelae,10–13 and the long-term health risks include chronic pain, infection, keloids, fibrosis, primary infertility, and psychological consequences. 12–18…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female genital mutilation/cutting in The Gambia: long-term health consequences and complications during delivery and for the newborn

Marcusán¹,

Forbes²,

Bonhoure³

et al. 2013

IJWH

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BackgroundFemale genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice deeply rooted in 28 Sub-Saharan African countries. Its prevalence in The Gambia is 76.3%. The objective of this study was to gain precise information on the long-term health consequences of FGM/C in The Gambia as well as on its impact on delivery and on the health of the newborns.MethodsData were collected from 588 female patients examined for antenatal care or delivery in hospitals and health centers of the Western Health Region, The Gambia. The information collected, both through a questionnaire and medical examination, included sociodemographic factors, the presence or not of FGM/C, the types of FGM/C practiced, the long-term health consequences of FGM/C, complications during delivery and for the newborn. Odds ratios, their 95% confidence intervals, and P values were calculated.ResultsThe prevalence of patients who had undergone FGM/C was 75.6% (type I: 75.6%; type II: 24.4%). Women with type I and II FGM/C had a significantly higher prevalence of long-term health problems (eg, dysmenorrhea, vulvar or vaginal pain), problems related to anomalous healing (eg, fibrosis, keloid, synechia), and sexual dysfunction. Women with FGM/C were also much more likely to suffer complications during delivery (perineal tear, obstructed labor, episiotomy, cesarean, stillbirth) and complications associated with anomalous healing after FGM/C. Similarly, newborns were found to be more likely to suffer complications such as fetal distress and caput of the fetal head.ConclusionThis study shows that FGM/C is associated with a variety of long-term health consequences, that women with FGM/C are four times more likely to suffer complications during delivery, and the newborn is four times more likely to have health complications if the parturient has undergone FGM/C. These results highlight for the first time the magnitude of consequences during delivery and for the newborn, associated with FGM/C in The Gambia.

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“…FGM/C constitutes an extreme form of discrimination and violation of the human rights of girls and women, with health consequences now acknowledged and documented. In the short term, the practice can result in shock, haemorrhage, infections, and psychological consequences, while in the long term it can lead to chronic pain, infections, keloids, fibrosis, primary infertility, increase in delivery complications, and psychological sequela/trauma [2–7]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: The Secret World of Women as Seen by Men

Marcusán

Cham²,

Njie³

et al. 2013

Obstetrics and Gynecology International

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Efforts aimed at the abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in the communities where it is deeply rooted have extensively considered and addressed women's perceptions on the issue, leaving those of men barely acknowledged. Although the practice is generally confined to the secret world of women, it does not mean that men cannot be influential. Indeed, men can play an important role in prevention. In order to address this gap, and having as background an extensive ethnographic field work, a transversal descriptive study was designed to explore Gambian men's knowledge and attitudes towards FGM/C, as well as related practices in their family/household. Results show ethnic identity, more than religion, as the decisive shaping factor on how men conceive and value FGM/C. The greater support towards the practice is found among traditionally practicing groups. A substantial proportion of men intend to have it performed on their daughters, although reporting a low involvement in the decision making process, with very few taking alone the final decision. Only a minority is aware of FGM/C health consequences, but those who understand its negative impact on the health and well-being of girls and women are quite willing to play a role in its prevention.

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Female genital mutilation: an analysis of 522 cases in South-Western Nigeria

Cited by 47 publications

References 4 publications

The psychological impact of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) on girls/women’s mental health: a narrative literature review

The psychological impact of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) on girls/women’s mental health: a narrative literature review

Female genital mutilation/cutting in The Gambia: long-term health consequences and complications during delivery and for the newborn

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: The Secret World of Women as Seen by Men

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