Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia: Why Has it Stalled

Cameron, Lisa; Suárez, Diana Contreras; Rowell, William W

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3296072

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…13 participation (Lain, Alatas, and Setyonaluri 2020). This aligns with existing evidence at the desa/kelurahan (rural/ urban villages) level from Cameron, Contreras Suarez, and Rowell (2019).…”

Section: June 2021supporting

confidence: 90%

Pathways to Middle-Class Jobs in Indonesia

Wihardja¹,

Cunningham²

2021

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Indonesia has made great strides toward becoming a middle-class country. Just before the COVID-19 pandemic hit in early 2020, it graduated to upper-middle-income country status.At that point, Indonesia was also well on its way to escaping the "middle-income trap" and becoming a thriving high-income country, its goal for 2045, one century after it gained independence. Driven by a strong commitment by the Government of Indonesia to human capital development and economic transformation, as well as to job creation, jobs have been a fundamental part of this achievement. They have driven Indonesia's rapid economic growth, poverty reduction, and the emergence of a vibrant and growing middle class. Today, jobs in Indonesia take many forms-40-hours-a-week Jakarta office jobs, food stalls run by women and family members, on-demand ride-hailing drivers in urban areas, and subsistence farmers in Papua-weaving a rich tapestry in a diverse economy.

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Section: June 2021supporting

confidence: 90%

Pathways to Middle-Class Jobs in Indonesia

Wihardja¹,

Cunningham²

2021

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“…The qualitative component aims to complement th quantitative study by providing an explanation for the findings. In particular, it attempts to assess the quantitative findings against a specific subsample of women who were identified to be the most vulnerable to leaving the labour force, namely working women who had recently given birth to their first child (Cameron and Contreras Suarez 2018;Lu et al 2017). Such findings would particularly be relevant in crafting policies which enforce stability in women's participation in the labour force regardless of their life pha ses.…”

Section: Empirical Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Halim et al (2019) find that an additional increase in public preschool in Indonesia could boost the labour participation of mothers with preschool-age children by 7.1 percentage points. Policies focusing on childcare services, flexible working conditions, and parttime work schemes might encourage more women to remain in the labour force after they marry or start a family (Cameron et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes in an emerging economy: Evidence from Indonesia

Kusumawardhani¹,

Pramana²,

Saputri³

et al. 2021

WIDER Working Paper

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Greater female labour market participation has important positive implications not only for women’s empowerment and the well-being of their families but also for the economy they live in. In this paper, we examine the various effects of internet availability on women’s labour market outcomes in Indonesia. As each worker subgroup tends to respond differently to changes in technology, examining the heterogeneity in the impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes is central to our research. By constructing a district-level longitudinal dataset covering the period 2007–18, we find that internet availability has only a small significant effect on the female labour force participation rate and no statistically significant effect on the employment rate. However, internet availability increases the probability of women having a full-time job, especially for women aged 15–45 and those with a low level of education. Our study shows that internet availability does not always bring favourable labour market outcomes for women. We find that internet availability lowers the probability of women with a low level of education working in a high-skilled job and in the formal sector. Our results are robust to several robustness checks. Analysis of our qualitative interviews with a subsample of recent mothers supports the conclusion that the ability to be prepared for and attain flexible working conditions are two important values provided by the internet. We argue that a women-friendly working environment and adequate IT infrastructure are crucial elements in maximizing the role of the internet in helping women to achieve more favourable labour market outcomes.

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“…Blau and Kahn (2017) specified on the effect of the gender wage gap on female participation for the USA for the period 1980-10 and data from PSID 5 and CPS 6 and suggested that higher experience, education and union coverage elimination played a major role in the reduction of the gender wage gap, which showed a negative effect of 14.32. Finally, Cameron et al (2020) studied the Indonesian case with data from SUSENAS 7 and PODES 8 for the years 1996-13 and a cohort effect analysis in order to find effect magnitudes between 13-27 per cent, depending on the selected household and labour market characteristics.…”

Section: Empirical Studies On Female Participation In the Labour Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of female labour force participation: Evidence from Greece

Petrakis

2021

Labour

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The present study investigates long-term trends in female participation in the Greek labour market. The analysis presented decomposes the growth in the female participation rate between 1992 and 2020. The dataset used is the Greek Labour Force Survey (GLFS). The model type used is a binary age-period-cohort Probit model and a multinomial choice Probit model. A number of assumptions are made to identify the three effects separately. Model I use lagged unemployment as a proxy variable for the period effects and cohort fixed effects -where cohort is a proxy variable for year of birth -together with separate specifications for an interaction term of cohort and region and a linear trend.Model II uses a multinomial Probit model in order to examine whether the decision of a female to enter or not the labour market interacts with the type of work she is choosing, with a number of assumptions again used to identify the three effects separately. The results suggest that the increasing female participation rate is mostly due to cohort effects, when there are also observable age and period effects. Regarding the choice model, results suggest that the period effect has a higher significance on job choice compared with the cohort effect. Age effects are observable and significant in both models.

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Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia: Why Has it Stalled

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Pathways to Middle-Class Jobs in Indonesia

Pathways to Middle-Class Jobs in Indonesia

Heterogeneous impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes in an emerging economy: Evidence from Indonesia

Determinants of female labour force participation: Evidence from Greece

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