Female Neurosurgeons in Europe—On a Prevailing Glass Ceiling

Wolfert, Christina; Rohde, Veit; Mielke, Dorothee; Hernández-Durán, Silvia

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.137

Cited by 54 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[ 107 ] High income United States Retrospective cross-sectional analysis n = 51 (10/41) 20% No funding 2019 Female Neurosurgeons in Europe-On a Prevailing Glass Ceiling. [ 16 ] Lower middle Upper middle and High income 22 Countries † Questionnaire n = 116 100% No funding 2018 Female Surgeons as Counter Stereotype: The Impact of Gender Perceptions on Trainee Evaluations of Physician Faculty. [ 108 ] High income United States Cross-sectional analysis n = 1066 (467/599) 44% Not reported 2018 Organizational barriers to and facilitators for female surgeons' career progression: a systematic review.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review

Xepoleas

Munabi²,

Auslander

et al. 2020

Hum Resour Health

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Introduction The Lancet Commission for Global Surgery identified an adequate surgical workforce as one indicator of surgical care accessibility. Many countries where women in surgery are underrepresented struggle to meet the recommended 20 surgeons per 100,000 population. We evaluated female surgeons’ experiences globally to identify strategies to increase surgical capacity through women. Methods Three database searches identified original studies examining female surgeon experiences. Countries were grouped using the World Bank income level and Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). Results Of 12,914 studies meeting search criteria, 139 studies were included and examined populations from 26 countries. Of the accepted studies, 132 (95%) included populations from high-income countries (HICs) and 125 (90%) exclusively examined populations from the upper 50% of GGGI ranked countries. Country income and GGGI ranking did not independently predict gender equity in surgery. Female surgeons in low GGGI HIC (Japan) were limited by familial support, while those in low income, but high GGGI countries (Rwanda) were constrained by cultural attitudes about female education. Across all populations, lack of mentorship was seen as a career barrier. HIC studies demonstrate that establishing a critical mass of women in surgery encourages female students to enter surgery. In HICs, trainee abilities are reported as equal between genders. Yet, HIC women experience discrimination from male co-workers, strain from pregnancy and childcare commitments, and may suffer more negative health consequences. Female surgeon abilities were seen as inferior in lower income countries, but more child rearing support led to fewer women delaying childbearing during training compared to North Americans and Europeans. Conclusion The relationship between country income and GGGI is complex and neither independently predict gender equity. Cultural norms between geographic regions influence the variability of female surgeons’ experiences. More research is needed in lower income and low GGGI ranked countries to understand female surgeons’ experiences and promote gender equity in increasing the number of surgical providers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review

Xepoleas

Munabi²,

Auslander

et al. 2020

Hum Resour Health

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“…Moreover, these women EP were younger and had completed their residencies more recently than their men counterparts. In fact, although many medical specialties have witnessed increases in woman residents over the past decade [ 4 , 5 , 22 ], EM has not (36% women residents in 2005 vs. 37% in 2015) [ 19 , 23 ]. In the present study, only 14.8% of women EP in Korea were found to be associate or full professors (13.0% and 1.9%, respectively).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Searching “glass ceiling” in PubMed, we found 267 articles that discussed discrimination against women in various medical fields, with recommended solutions to overcome the leadership gap. Korea could benchmark against and adopt best practices from several societies (e.g., European Association of Neurosurgical Societies, American Association of Women Emergency Physicians) [ 4 , 24 ]. It provides a broad-based network of support, guidance, and education in personal and professional leadership skills, particularly for women physicians, residents, and medical students.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking the Gender Gap: A Two-part Observational Study of the Gender Disparity Among Korean Academic Emergency Physicians

Lee

Kim

2020

J Prev Med Public Health

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Objectives Despite greater access to training positions and the presence of more women in emergency medicine, it has remained a men-dominated field. This study aims to identify the key issues causing the gender gap in Korea and establish measures to overcome them. Methods Using the annual statistical reports of the National Emergency Medical Center and data published on the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine website, cases that listed the current status and positions of members in its organization and its committees were analyzed. Secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2015 Korean Society of Emergency Survey that included physicians’ demographics, academic ranking, years of experience, clinical work hours, training and board certification, core faculty status, position, and salaries. Results As of September 2019, women account for only 12.7% of the total number of emergency physicians (EP) in Korea; of 119 chair/vice‐chair academic positions, women represented only 9.2%. Women EP were more often assistant professors and fellowship-trained, with fewer in core faculty. However, they worked the same numbers of clinical hours as their men counterparts. The median annual salary of women EP was less than that of men EP after adjusting for academic hospital rank, clinical hours, and core faculty status. Conclusions A gender gap still exists among Korean EP, and women earn less than men regardless of their rank, clinical hours, or training. Future studies should evaluate more data and develop system-wide practices to eliminate gender disparities.

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“…31 The global situation appears to be similar. 32 , 33 , 34 Neurosurgeons of various other gender identities and neurosurgeons who have disabilities are so poorly represented in the field that statistics regarding these groups are unknown.…”

Section: Diversity Issues In Neurosurgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in Neurosurgery

et al. 2021

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Over the past century, the field of neurosurgery has evolved and expanded in various directions. Neurosurgeons have continuously pushed the boundaries of the specialty with scientific discovery and innovation. A diverse array of neurosurgical techniques, treatments, and new areas of study have emerged within the field. Meanwhile, the neurosurgical workforce has stayed demographically homogeneous throughout time. Certain groups remain underrepresented owing to systemic barriers based on social identities and categorizations, including gender, race, ability status, and others. In this article, we highlight some of the underrepresented groups in neurosurgery and chronicle the important contributions and achievements that individuals from these groups have made in the field despite structural barriers and discrimination. We present evidence from the basic sciences, economics, business, and other disciplines that illustrate that diversity is not only just but also the most rational pursuit for positive growth and advancement. Diversity is needed to enrich the specialty and augment its capacity to serve the heterogeneous population of patients that reflect our society. To promote equity and diversity in the field, ongoing deliberate, organized, and systematic efforts to change the status quo and make the field more inclusive are needed.

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Female Neurosurgeons in Europe—On a Prevailing Glass Ceiling

Cited by 54 publications

References 21 publications

The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review

The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review

Breaking the Gender Gap: A Two-part Observational Study of the Gender Disparity Among Korean Academic Emergency Physicians

Diversity in Neurosurgery

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