Feminismus in China im Kontext von Postsozialismus und internationalem Feminismus

Civil Society and Gender Relations in Authoritarian and Hybrid Regimes

“…Thus the equality of men and women (Nannü pingdeng, 男女平等) was included in the Constitution of the PRC in 1950 (Chen 1999). The Communist gender regime can be divided into two major phases: before and after the reform and open policies at the end of the 1970s (Spakowski 2014;Hershatter 2004). 12…”

“…The resulting "iron girl" was able to do the work of men and could simultaneously carry (alone) the burden of housework, while encouraging her family to give their all for the greater social good (Honig 2000). The Maoist gender politics degenderized society and aimed at the establishment of non-difference of the two main sexes (Chen 2011: 42), which led to the emergence of the socialist androgyne (Hershatter 2004;Spakowski 2014;Chen 2011). The rationale underlying Mao's egalitarianism was the subordination of gender issues to class questions.…”

“…The rationale underlying Mao's egalitarianism was the subordination of gender issues to class questions. Gender issues were ruled obsolete, and women's liberation was perceived as an integral part of the communist revolution (Chen 2011;Spakowski 2014;Xu 2009). The main advocate of this gender politics was the ACWF, an institutional vehicle for Mao's gender politics, directed by the CCP (Chen 2011: 42;Howell 1997).…”

“…Despite the new opportunities, increased social space, improved economic conditions, and enhanced legislation, women were negatively impacted by the socioeconomic transformation. The downsizing and economic restructuring of state-owned industries pushed women en masse out of the labor market (Spakowski 2014;Liu 2007;Kaufman 2012;Wesoky 2002). Women were, and still are, discriminated in higher education (Spakowski 2014), restricted by the well-known one-child policy (Hong 1987), and excluded from high leadership roles within the party and enterprises (Chen 2011;Croll 1995).…”

“…The reforms led not only to a boom of social organizations but also to an increase in women's organizations (Milwertz 2003;Zhang 2009;Kaufman 2009). This enhanced interest in women's issues was due to the aforementioned emerging negative outcomes of the reforms for women (Spakowski 2014;Xu 2009;Chen and Cheung 2011). Moreover, a growing number of women's organizations began engaging with the DV issue.…”