Independent Evaluation Consultant, OR, USAAlthough the term multi-method research has been around at least since the publication of Brewer and Hunter's (1989) Multimethod Research: A Synthesis of Styles, as yet, there is no consensus on how multi-method research should be defined and what is the distinction between multi-method and mixed methods (MM) approaches (see, however, the International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches website; it offers related operational definitions of these terms). Although multi-method approaches are widely applied by researchers in many disciplines, more attention has been focused on MM research, which has become increasingly popular over the past 20 years (sometimes referred to as the Third Research Paradigm) as evidenced by the publication of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research, three handbooks (i.e., Sage [with two editions] and Oxford University Press), and many books. One proposed way to distinguish between multi-method research and MM is that, whereas multi-method research usually involves the mixing, combining, or integration of techniques, approaches, concepts, language, and philosophies within a research tradition, in contrast, MM research usually involves the integration of techniques, approaches, and so forth across research traditions. Furthermore, MM usually involves a focus on integrating quantitative (QUANT) and qualitative (QUAL) methods. However, these distinctions are probably too limiting. Many evaluations involve combining both QUANT and QUAL approaches within a particular discipline (e.g., using sample surveys to develop a typology for selecting follow-up case studies or focus groups), whereas, on the other hand, multiple methods are frequently used in cross-disciplinary studies (Bevan, 2009).An important dimension that has received less attention concerns the need to understand the different ways that QUANT methods are used in different social science disciplines. For example, the econometric methods that are widely used in both macro-and microeconomics involve quite different assumptions than those underlying QUANT methods used in sociology, demography, ethnography, or public-sector research. For example,
ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to review potential opportunities for the application of Multi and Mixed Methods Research (MMMR) in the evaluation of international development programs. MMMR is used to cover the mixing, combining, and integration of techniques, approaches, concepts, language, and philosophies within a particular social science discipline; and the mixing, combining, and integration across different social science disciplines. In this article, multimethod and mixed methods research approaches are not distinguished. Rather than focusing in depth on 1 or 2 potential applications, the article discusses 6 areas of development evaluation (i.e., integrating new information technologies, strengthening experimental and quasiexperimental designs, evaluating complexity and equity, evaluating gender equality and women's empowerment, and ide...