Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics

Torchia, G. A.; Meilan, Pablo F.; Ródenas, Airán; Jaque, Daniel; Méndez, C.; Roso, L.

doi:10.1364/oe.15.013266

Cited by 51 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This value has been found to be higher than that reported for a femtosecond written depressed cladding waveguide laser formed in Nd:YAG crystals ͑0.3 dB/ cm͒, 11 but comparable to that found in femtosecond laser written surface channel waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics ͑1 dB/ cm͒. 9 According to expression ͑1͒, the laser slope efficiency of our waveguide laser can be even improved by using longer pump wavelengths, since they would lead to a significant reduction in the quantum defect between pump and laser photons which, in turn, will be accompanied by a reduction in the pump induced thermal loading and, therefore, in the undesirable thermal effects. 17 The near field TM 00 mode intensity distribution was measured with a charge coupled device camera.…”

Section: -supporting

confidence: 53%

“…8 Recently, authors reported on the fabrication of near surface channel waveguides in Nd:YAG ceramics. 9 Nevertheless, up to date no attempt has been made, to the best of our knowledge, for the fabrication of buried channel waveguides in Nd:YAG ceramics by femtosecond DLW. The possible application of such waveguides as reliable and integrated laser sources is, therefore, still unexplored.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides

Torchia

Ródenas

Benayas

et al. 2008

Applied Physics Letters

158

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We report continuous wave 1.06 m laser operation in an optical waveguide fabricated in a Nd:YAG ceramic by femtosecond laser writing. Single mode and stable laser oscillation have been achieved by using the natural Fresnel reflection for optical feedback. Output laser power in excess of 80 mW and a laser slope efficiency of 60% have been demonstrated. © 2008 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2890073͔Femtosecond direct laser writing ͑DLW͒ of transparent materials is attracting much attention because of the unique possibility of three-dimensionally modifying, at the micrometric and submicrometric scale, the optical properties of the irradiated media. This technique has been already proved to be a powerful and flexible tool for the fabrication of a great variety of optoelectronic components such as photonic crystals, diffraction gratings, and optical memories.1-3 When femtosecond pulses are focused inside a dielectric material, a permanent change in the refractive index is produced, in such a way that optical waveguides could be generated. This possibility has been already demonstrated in a great variety of glasses and crystals. [4][5][6] The further use of the DLW technique for the fabrication of low-loss channel waveguides in laser materials could be highly advantageous with respect to other fabrication approaches, and could also lead to technology breakthroughs in the development of threedimensionally integrated optical circuits.Among the different solid state laser media, neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet ͑YAG͒ transparent ceramics are nowadays attracting a great interest because of its advantages over the traditionally used Nd:YAG crystals. These advantages are the lower manufacturing costs, the possibility of high neodymium contents without any decrease in the optical quality of the gain medium, and also the possibility of direct composite fabrication.7 As a matter of fact, the laser performance of Nd:YAG ceramics has been found to be equal or even superior to that corresponding to Nd:YAG crystals. 8 Recently, authors reported on the fabrication of near surface channel waveguides in Nd:YAG ceramics.9 Nevertheless, up to date no attempt has been made, to the best of our knowledge, for the fabrication of buried channel waveguides in Nd:YAG ceramics by femtosecond DLW. The possible application of such waveguides as reliable and integrated laser sources is, therefore, still unexplored.In this letter, we report on the fabrication of buried channel waveguide lasers in Nd:YAG ceramics by using a two line confinement approach. Light confinement has been achieved between two parallel tracks due to filamentation of the femtosecond laser pulses. The possible influence of the waveguide fabrication process on the spectroscopic properties of the neodymium ions has been investigated by timeresolved confocal microscopy. We have also demonstrated highly efficient and stable laser oscillation based on the femtosecond written waveguide.The Nd:YAG ceramic sample used in this work was provided by Baikowski Ltd....

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confidence: 53%

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confidence: 99%

Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides

Torchia

Ródenas

Benayas

et al. 2008

Applied Physics Letters

158

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“…The stress field around waveguides recorded by the femtosecond direct laser writing inside Nd-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) can be engineered to exert compressive and tensile stresses on the order of ±1 kbar, respectively (up to +5 kbar for compression). Such photomodification can create the following: (i) waveguiding regions due to augmented refractive index Δn = ((n 2 − 1)(n 2 + 2)/2n)(P/E), here P is the pressure and E is the Young modulus, and, (ii) the spectral properties of Nd transitions can be effectively modified via pressure [21,22]. The combined effects of refractive index and emission changes can be utilized for the creation of efficiently lasing waveguide laser-written in Nd:YAG ceramics [23].…”

Section: Stress Confinementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Heat-Affected Zone in Laser Machining Applications

Beresna¹,

Gertus

Tomašiūnas³

et al. 2008

Laser Chemistry

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Recommended by Stavros PissadakisThermal load as well as its three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution has been estimated inside representative materials: glass (low thermal diffusion), silicon (semimetal properties), and sapphire (a crystalline dielectric of a high thermal conductivity) for typical laser processing and direct laser writing applications. The 3D temperature distribution allows to calculate thermal stress around the focal region. This provides an assessment tool for optimization of laser microprocessing conditions for controlled laser dicing and cutting applications.

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“…Femtosecond laser machining has enabled the manufacture of a wide variety of integrated, threedimensional, multi-functional devices all on a single substrate [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. While the benefits of this technology are many, there are still significant technological obstacles that must be overcome to reliably and predictably produce these devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of femtosecond laser-induced stress anisotropy in amorphous and crystalline materials

McMillen

Chen

Bellouard

2015

MATEC Web of Conferences

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Abstract. In recent years, micro manufacturing with femtosecond lasers has received considerable attention as an efficient technique for producing three-dimensional devices, combining multiple functionalities in a single monolithic substrate. In this manufacturing process, stress-anisotropy resulting from non-ablative laser exposure can have both positive and negative effects on the process out-come. In this work, we present a simple method for visualizing stress anisotropy, combining highly symmetric laser-written patterns with polarization microscopy, as a tool for identifying the various anisotropic contributions to the laser fabrication process.

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Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics

Cited by 51 publications

References 18 publications

Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides

Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides

Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Heat-Affected Zone in Laser Machining Applications

Visualization of femtosecond laser-induced stress anisotropy in amorphous and crystalline materials

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