“…Glass materials, known for their environmental friendliness, have been incorporated into a wide range of applications across the biological, optical, photonic, and energy sectors. [23][24][25][26][27] This versatility stems from their flexible thermal, optical, mechanical, and electrical properties, which can be precisely adjusted by altering their chemical composition. Glass substrates offer a number of benefits, including a smooth, transparent surface, simple handling, robustness, cost-effective, and chemical inertness.…”