“…This has yielded exciting results, with B. subtilis biofilm formation and properties (Bais, 2004) being studied in the soil, on plant roots in the lab, naturally induced by the plants' polysaccharides (Beauregard et al, 2013). Similarly, both synthetic communities constructed from known microbial species (Hekstra and Leibler, 2012;van Gestel et al, 2014) and microcosm communities made from environmental samples (Wolfe and Dutton, 2015) have been shown to reveal essential characteristics of microbial ecology (for a review, see Widder et al, 2016).…”