Fermented Sprouts of Codonopsis lanceolata Suppress LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and CD1 Mice

Abstract

The interest in bioconversion through fermentation of sprouts produced in smart farms is increasing due to their potential health benefits. Codonopsis lanceolata (CL) is reported to alleviate inflammatory conditions, but much research is still needed to determine which types and parts of CL are most effective. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a fermented extract of CL sprouts’ aerial part (F-CSA) against LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and mice. In the screening test, F-CSA showed the most substantial anti-inflammatory effect among several samples, containing the highest total flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols. UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS and HPLC analysis revealed that F-CSA had the highest amount of luteolin among all the CL samples analyzed. F-CSA reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as NO and PGE2 by inhibiting the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Further, we found that the anti-inflammatory effects of F-CSA were mediated by inhibiting the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, F-CSA improved survival rates and reduced plasma levels of NO and IL-6 in CD1 mice stimulated with LPS. These findings suggest that F-CSA, which contains luteolin, can alleviate inflammation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and a CD1 mouse model by inhibiting the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathways.

A systematic review of the mechanism of action and potential medicinal value of codonopsis pilosula in diseases

“…Colon cancer ( Cao Y. et al, 2019 ), gastric precancerous lesions ( He et al, 2022 ), liver cancer ( Liu Z. et al, 2022 ; Li N. et al, 2024 ), hepatitis ( Zeng et al, 2023 ), and colitis ( Li F. et al, 2024 ) are malignant tumors or inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, and CP plays an important role in preventing and treating these diseases play an important role. Interestingly, CP can also regulate the immune function of sepsis ( Choi et al, 2023 ), rheumatoid arthritis ( Wang Y.-J. et al, 2022 ), allergic asthma ( Seo et al, 2019 ), and other immune system disorders ( Zou et al, 2019 ), reduce inflammatory reactions, and control the development and symptoms of diseases.…”

“…In LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells Codonopsis pilosula reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK in a dose-dependent manner, thus inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway to exert anti-inflammatory effects ( Choi et al, 2023 ).…”

Biomaterials for treating sepsis-induced thromboinflammation

“…Despite the wide range of biomaterials investigated recently for controlling inflammation in sepsis, several obstacles persist in preclinical studies. Firstly, the models used for sepsis are too narrowly focused (Choi et al, 2023). Many studies rely on LPS-induced sepsis models and are limited to in vitro studies using monocytes and macrophages (Jin et al, 2019;Kong et al, 2019;Lee et al, 2020;Hemmingsen et al, 2021).…”