“…Because the entanglement of formation (25) is a monotonous function of the concurrence C, one may directly use the concurrence as a measure of quantum entanglement ranging from 0 (no entanglement) up to 1 (maximum entanglement) [22,23]. In the present model, we will quantify the quantum entanglement in the sub-space of up spins in a given plaquette [58]. Therefore, in the local basis |0, 0 , |0, ↑ , |↑, 0 and |↑, ↑ , the reduced density matrix can be written in the general form…”