“…Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to uncover alternate methods for the removal of PhACs from different water matrices, including advanced oxidation techniques that merit particular consideration . In particular, the choice of heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the most researched methods for removing PhACs and is guided by its stability, sustainability, low cost, and ease of operation. , Regardless of its advantages, existing photocatalytic systems face several challenges, including material recovery, recombination of electron–hole pairs, a narrow range of light absorption, reactor design, the toxicity of degradation byproducts, and high cost. ,, Recently, researchers have been addressing the majority of these limitations by developing suitable photocatalysts to overcome many of these drawbacks. , In addition, different modification approaches, including metal and nonmetal doping and formation of heterojunction, have been harnessed due to their ability to achieve high stability, excellent separation and migration of photoexcited charge carriers, and high specific surface area (SSA). , Among heterojunctions, the Z-scheme configuration is most preferred for the possibility of efficient charge transfer of photogenerated electrons from one semiconductor to the other and reducing charge recombination in order to account for the overall improvement in photocatalysis . Another major challenge of photocatalysis is its application in real-world systems due to its small size.…”