Iron is an essential metal for virtually all organisms. Iron acquisition is well characterized for various organisms, whereas intracellular iron distribution is poorly understood. In contrast to bacteria, plants, and animals, most fungi lack ferritin-mediated iron storage but possess an intracellular siderophore shown to be involved in iron storage. Here we demonstrate that deficiency in the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin causes iron starvation in conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus, demonstrating that ferricrocin is also involved in intra-and transcellular iron distribution. Thus, ferricrocin represents the first intracellular iron transporter identified in any organism.Virtually all organisms require iron as an indispensable cofactor for various metabolic processes, including electron transport and redox reactions. Excess or incorrect storage of iron, however, is toxic, as this metal has the capacity to reinforce the production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, organisms have evolved precisely regulated iron acquisition systems, which are well characterized in numerous prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In contrast, mechanisms for intracellular distribution of acquired iron are poorly understood. We investigated these mechanisms in Aspergillus fumigatus, a typical saprophytic ascomycete, which has become the most common airborne fungal pathogen of humans, causing life-threatening invasive disease especially in immunocompromised patients (16). A. fumigatus employs four siderophores (low-molecularmass ferric iron chelators) for maintenance of iron homeostasis (5): it excretes two siderophores for solubilization and uptake of iron, and it accumulates two structurally different siderophores, ferricrocin (FC) and its hydroxylated derivative hydroxy-FC, within hyphae and conidia, respectively. Both intracellular siderophores are believed to be involved in intracellular iron storage. The siderophore system became a matter of particular interest as it represents an attractive target for antifungal therapy due to its requirement for virulence of A. fumigatus and its lack in mammalian hosts (12, 13). Recently, extra-and intracellular siderophores have also been implicated in the phytopathogenicity of various ascomycetes (6, 11). Here we demonstrate that intracellular siderophores are also involved in the intracellular long-distance distribution of iron.Extracellular siderophores are utilized by most fungi and bacteria and some plants, whereas intracellular siderophores are found exclusively in fungi, which in contrast to bacteria, plants, and animals lack ferritin-mediated iron storage (5). The function of intracellular siderophores has been studied in the most detail with Aspergillus nidulans and A. fumigatus (5). Several lines of evidence support a role for FC and hydroxy-FC in iron storage in these fungi. (i) FC accumulation increases under conditions of intracellular iron excess (4, 9, 14); (ii) FC deficiency reduces the iron content of conidia by 34% and 76% in A. nidulans and A. fumigatus, respectively (4, 13); ...