Ferricrocin, the intracellular siderophore of Trichoderma virens, is involved in growth, conidiation, gliotoxin biosynthesis and induction of systemic resistance in maize

Mukherjee, Prasun K.; Hurley, James F.; Taylor, James T.; Puckhaber, Lorraine S.; Lehner, Sylvia; Druzhinina, Irina S.; Schumacher, Rainer; Kenerley, Charles M.

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.170

Cited by 54 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Tex1 and Tex2 code for peptaibol synthetase (Wiest et al, 2002;Mukherjee et al, 2011). Tex10 is involved in the biosynthesis of intracellular siderophore ferricrocin while Tex21 is responsible for the biosynthesis of extracellular siderophores (Mukherjee et al, 2018). The metabolites produced by Tex5 and Tex7-NRPS genes and Tex12 and Tex14-NRPS/PKS hybrid genes are not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these are gliotoxin (produced by "Q" strains), gliovirin (produced by "P" strains), viridin, viridiol, and heptelidic (koningic) acid, and several volatile sesquiterpenes, including beta-caryophyllene and germacrenes (Mukherjee et al, 2006;Crutcher et al, 2013;Zeilinger et al, 2016;Pachauri et al, 2019b). T. virens is also reported to induce systemic defense responses in plants (Djonović et al, 2007a;Gaderer et al, 2015;Mukherjee et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whole genome of Gv29-8 and IMI304061 have been sequenced and analyzed, resulting in the identification of biosynthesis gene clusters for many unknown metabolites as well as for gliotoxin, gliovirin, viridin/viridiol, siderophores, and volatile sesquiterpenes (Kubicek et al, 2011;Crutcher et al, 2013;Sherkhane et al, 2017;Bansal et al, 2018;Mukherjee et al, 2018). Many hydrolytic enzymes and signal transduction proteins have been implicated to be involved in mycoparasitism of Trichoderma spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Major Deletions in the Genome of M7, a Gamma Ray-Induced Mutant of Trichoderma virens That Is Repressed in Conidiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Mycoparasitism

et al. 2020

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Trichoderma virens is a commercial biofungicide used in agriculture. We have earlier isolated a mutant of T. virens using gamma ray-induced mutagenesis. This mutant, designated as M7, is defective in morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, and mycoparasitism. The mutant does not produce conidia, and the colony is hydrophilic. M7 cannot utilize cellulose and chitin as a sole carbon source and is unable to parasitize the plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum in confrontation assay. Several volatile (germacrenes, beta-caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, gammamuurolene) and non-volatile (viridin, viridiol, gliovirin, heptelidic acid) metabolites are not detected in M7. In transcriptome analysis, many genes related to secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, hydrophobicity, and transportation, among others, were found to be downregulated in the mutant. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified five deletions in the mutant genome, totaling about 250 kb (encompassing 71 predicted ORFs), which was confirmed by PCR. This study provides novel insight into genetics of morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, and mycoparasitism and eventually could lead to the identification of novel regulators of beneficial traits in plant beneficial fungi Trichoderma spp. We also suggest that this mutant can be developed as a microbial cell factory for the production of secondary metabolites and proteins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Major Deletions in the Genome of M7, a Gamma Ray-Induced Mutant of Trichoderma virens That Is Repressed in Conidiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Mycoparasitism

et al. 2020

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“…The competition for iron may also contribute to the anti-Armillaria activity of the examined Trichoderma iolates, as the production of siderophores proved to be a general feature among them. Previous studies reported that certain strains of T. asperellum, T. atrobrunneum, T. atroviride, T. gamsii, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. polysporum, T. reesei, T. virens, T. paratroviride, T. pyramidale, T. rufobrunneum, T. thermophilum, T. viridulum, T. guizhouense, and T. simmonsii were mainly used as biocontrol agents due to their siderophore producing abilities [36][37][38][39][40]. Wang and Zhuang [40] firstly reported the siderophore-producing ability of T. guizhouense and T. simmonsii.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Biological Control of Devastating Forest Pathogens from the Genus Armillaria

Chen

Bóka

Kedves

et al. 2019

Forests

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Research Highlights: A large scale effort to screen, characterize, and select Trichoderma strains with the potential to antagonize Armillaria species revealed promising candidates for field applications. Background and Objectives: Armillaria species are among the economically most relevant soilborne tree pathogens causing devastating root diseases worldwide. Biocontrol agents are environment-friendly alternatives to chemicals in restraining the spread of Armillaria in forest soils. Trichoderma species may efficiently employ diverse antagonistic mechanisms against fungal plant pathogens. The aim of this paper is to isolate indigenous Trichoderma strains from healthy and Armillaria-damaged forests, characterize them, screen their biocontrol properties, and test selected strains under field conditions. Materials and Methods: Armillaria and Trichoderma isolates were collected from soil samples of a damaged Hungarian oak and healthy Austrian spruce forests and identified to the species level. In vitro antagonism experiments were performed to determine the potential of the Trichoderma isolates to control Armillaria species. Selected biocontrol candidates were screened for extracellular enzyme production and plant growth-promoting traits. A field experiment was carried out by applying two selected Trichoderma strains on two-year-old European Turkey oak seedlings planted in a forest area heavily overtaken by the rhizomorphs of numerous Armillaria colonies. Results: Although A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae were found in the Austrian spruce forests, A. mellea and A. gallica clones dominated the Hungarian oak stand. A total of 64 Trichoderma isolates belonging to 14 species were recovered. Several Trichoderma strains exhibited in vitro antagonistic abilities towards Armillaria species and produced siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid. Oak seedlings treated with T. virens and T. atrobrunneum displayed better survival under harsh soil conditions than the untreated controls. Conclusions: Selected native Trichoderma strains, associated with Armillaria rhizomorphs, which may also have plant growth promoting properties, are potential antagonists of Armillaria spp., and such abilities can be exploited in the biological control of Armillaria root rot.

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“…Siderophores are responsible for the storage of iron and the protection of cells from oxidative stress [78,79]. In T. virens, deletion of TvTex10, an intracellular siderophore biosynthesis-related gene, increased the fungal growth rate and sensitivity to oxidative stress and simultaneously decreased conidia and gliotoxin production [80]. Fifty-four ABC transporters in 14 subfamilies were predicted in…”

Section: Mfs and Abc Transporters In C Minitansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoparasitism illuminated by genome sequencing and digital gene expression profiling of Coniothyrium minitans, an important biocontrol fungus of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Zhao¹,

Zhou²,

Xiè³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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BackgroundConiothyrium minitans is a mycoparasite of the notorious plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. To further understand the parasitism of C. minitans, here, we assembled and analyzed its genome by combining transcriptome data. ResultsThe genome of C. minitans strain ZS-1 was 39.77 Mb in 350 scaffolds. A total of 11437 predicted genes and proteins were annotated, and 30.8% of blast hits matched proteins encoded by Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa, a worldwide soil fungus. The transcriptome of strain ZS-1 during the early interaction at 0 h, 4 h and 12 h with its host was analyzed. The detected expressed genes were involved in response to host defenses, including cell wall-degrading enzymes, transporters, secretory proteins and secondary metabolites. The fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes belonged to the GH16, GH18, and GH72 classes in CAZymes, and some were significantly up-regulated during mycoparasitism. Most of the monocarboxylate transporter genes of the major facilitator superfamily and all the detected ABC transporters, especially the heavy metal transporters, were significantly upregulated. Approximately 8% of the 11437 proteins in C. minitans were predicted to be secretory proteins, with catalytic activity, hydrolase activity, peptidase activity and serine hydrolase activity enriched in molecular function. Most genes involved in serine hydrolase activity were significantly upregulated during mycoparasitism. ConclusionThis assemble genome and genome-wide expression study demonstrate that the mycoparasitism process of C. minitans is complex and a series of genes or proteins would be deployed by C. minitans to invade successfully the host. Our study provides insights into the mechanisms of the mycoparasitism between C. minitans and S. sclerotiorum and clues to excavate active secondary metabolites from C. minitans. BackgroundConiothyrium minitans, a sclerotial mycoparasite, lives on the sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its relatives in soil and was first isolated and identified in 1947 by Campbell [1]. It is distributed worldwide in America, Europe, Australia, Africa and Asia [2][3][4], and its remarkable biocontrol ability has attracted great attention. C. minitans shares similar conditions (20°C) with its host S. sclerotiorum [1,[4][5][6]. C. minitans has a narrow host range, and most of its reported hosts are fungi in the genus Sclerotinia [5]. It can parasitize the sclerotia and hypha of Sclerotinia spp. and produce antifungal substances that inhibit host growth [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. C. minitans can successfully control crop diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum in the field [14][15][16]. C. minitans destroyed the sclerotia, blocked the germination of apothecia by approximately 90% and reduced disease incidence in a bean crop by 50% [5, 17]. As the main effective constituent in commercial biological control agents, C. minitans was first registered in Germany and was used to control the diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum and S. minor in Europe, America, Oceania and Asia. In China, C. min...

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Ferricrocin, the intracellular siderophore of Trichoderma virens, is involved in growth, conidiation, gliotoxin biosynthesis and induction of systemic resistance in maize

Cited by 54 publications

References 24 publications

Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Major Deletions in the Genome of M7, a Gamma Ray-Induced Mutant of Trichoderma virens That Is Repressed in Conidiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Mycoparasitism

Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Major Deletions in the Genome of M7, a Gamma Ray-Induced Mutant of Trichoderma virens That Is Repressed in Conidiation, Secondary Metabolism, and Mycoparasitism

Towards the Biological Control of Devastating Forest Pathogens from the Genus Armillaria

Mycoparasitism illuminated by genome sequencing and digital gene expression profiling of Coniothyrium minitans, an important biocontrol fungus of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

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