Ferrite formation and its effect on deformation mechanism of wire arc additive manufactured 308 L stainless steel

Luo, Ying; Li, Jianghua; Song, Danrong; Xu, Bin; Chen, Xu

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.152933

Cited by 40 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It was concluded that the secondary phase is lathy delta ferrite. This is in good agreement with the findings of Li et al [27], who found skeletal and lathy delta-ferrite in the WAAM part. Li et al [28] showed that steels with high delta ferrite content have undesirable impact properties- mainly anisotropy of the impact toughness.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Optimisation of precipitation hardening for 15-5 PH martensitic stainless steel produced by wire arc directed energy deposition

Ščetinec

Klobčar

Nagode

et al. 2023

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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This paper discusses directed energy deposition of 15-5 PH, which was successfully tailored with precipitation hardening (PH) to achieve the desired properties. Parametric analysis of solution annealing and aging at various time and temperature combinations was performed. Material characterisation was done in the as-deposited, solution annealed, and PH states. Investigations included microscopy, SEM/EDS, fractography, hardness, tensile, and impact toughness test. The as-deposited microstructure was composed of martensite laths along with delta ferrite. Optimisation of solution annealing was mandatory to achieve homogeneous austenite, which allowed PH. PH resulted in similar properties compared to conventionally produced steel. Peak aging resulted in 450 HV10 and an Rm of 1350 MPa, while the over-aged condition resulted in an impact toughness of over 77 J/cm 2 .

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Optimisation of precipitation hardening for 15-5 PH martensitic stainless steel produced by wire arc directed energy deposition

Ščetinec

Klobčar

Nagode

et al. 2023

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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“…Van Thao and Dinh [9] used GMAW-based AM (GMAW-AM) to build thin wall devices with 308L stainless steel wire and analyzed their microstructure and mechanical properties. Li et al [10] proposed a ferrite formation model based on the detailed microstructural characterization of 308L stainless steel WAAM plate, and they confirmed that the consistently large columnar austenite grains and small ferrite grains with different shapes including skeletal, lathy, and granular coexisted at different layers. Gordon et al [11] conducted mechanical tests on 304L stainless steel WAAM wall to characterize location and orientation dependent properties and microstructural features affecting crack growth, and found that cracks were not easy to propagate in the vertical orientations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of stainless steel produced by bypass coupling twin-wire indirect arc additive manufacturing

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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This study investigates the application of bypass coupling twin-wire indirect arc welding (BC-TWIAW) in arc additive manufacturing of 18-8 stainless steel. It is found that the droplet transfer changed from short circuit mode to stable spray mode with the welding current rising. Droplet transfer was the most stable when welding current was 200 A. Compared with the conventional MIG welding arc additive manufacturing, the efficiency of BC-TWIAW additive manufacturing can be increased by more than 30%. Electrochemical tests show that the BC-TWIAW overlay has a lower reactivation rate, higher charge transfer resistance, and lower carrier concentration, indicating that the overlay has better resistance to intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion.

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“…The detailed microstructure analysis was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, TESCAN S8000 GMH) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Laghi et al [17] GMAW SS316 417.9 553 AE 2 / Wang et al [34] CMT SS17-4 PH (martensitic) / 994 11.9 Caballero et al [35] GMAW SS316L 308 AE 4 620 AE 10 / Moore et al [36] MIG SDSS 2594 735.6 AE 9.2 1075.9 AE 9.6 38.5 AE 1 Kannan et al [37] GMAW SS308L / 585 52 Nagasai et al [21] CMT SS308L / 610 56 Nagasai et al [21] GMAW SS308L / 531.78 39.58 Li et al [38] GMAW SS304L 410 600 23 Tonelli et al [20] GMAW SS304 350 AE 30 615 AE 10 / Haden et al [39] www.advancedsciencenews.com According to the EU standard EN 1993, 1-4 [26] on the mechanical properties of traditional forged SS304, the YS and UTS of WAAM SS304 thin-walled structure are apparently higher than that of the forged ones (230 and 540 MPa, respectively). In summary, the mechanical properties of the WAAM SS304 thin-walled structures meet the reference value standard and are suitable for engineering applications.…”

Section: Materials and Experimental Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences between Tensile Properties of WAAM SS304 Components in Different Directions

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is particularly suitable for manufacturing large metal structure components. However, the anisotropy of mechanical properties of WAAM components cannot be avoided, which makes the mechanical properties of WAAM components unstable and seriously limits its engineering application. Herein, the tensile samples for 304 stainless‐steel thin‐walled structures along three directions (longitudinal, diagonal, and transverse) of the deposition layer are intercepted. The mechanical properties of the components are 9.3–54.6% higher than the standard values. The samples have obvious anisotropy characteristics. Samples with diagonal direction show the best mechanical properties, which are not affected by process parameters. The better the forming quality, the higher the mechanical properties of the samples. By correlating the mechanical properties results of the samples with the microstructures, it is found that very fine dendrites grow along the deposition direction in the samples, and this unique microstructure leads to the anisotropy of the mechanical properties. Under the action of uniaxial tensile load, the growth direction of precise dendrite in the sample with diagonal direction is almost the same as the slip direction of the maximum dislocation plane, which is the reason for the excellent mechanical properties of the sample with diagonal direction.

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Ferrite formation and its effect on deformation mechanism of wire arc additive manufactured 308 L stainless steel

Cited by 40 publications

References 38 publications

Optimisation of precipitation hardening for 15-5 PH martensitic stainless steel produced by wire arc directed energy deposition

Optimisation of precipitation hardening for 15-5 PH martensitic stainless steel produced by wire arc directed energy deposition

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of stainless steel produced by bypass coupling twin-wire indirect arc additive manufacturing

Differences between Tensile Properties of WAAM SS304 Components in Different Directions

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