Ferrochrome lignosulfonates

Surface and colloid chemistry of clays

“…The degree of edge-to-face or edge-to-edge flocculation in clay suspension can be estimated from rheological studies (ref 6,8,12,13,16,21,24,38,85,86,88,100,101). The formation of voluminous card-house floes, or extended chains, will increase the viscosity of the suspension over that observed before the flocculation took place.…”

“…This degree of surface coverage Is similar to that observed during the destabilization of montmorillonlte by cobalt(lll) chelate complexes.118 As mentioned before, anion adsorption on the edges of the particles can stabilize clay sols by breaking up the edge-to-face structure in the flocculated state. It has been shown that montmorillonlte and kaollnite are deflocculated by the adsorption of hydroxide, phosphate, oxalate, sulfate, acetate, chloride, metaslllcate, and other anions (ref 8,13,16,20,21,23,24,38,100,[102][103][104]122). It was also observed that small amounts of montmorillonlte may break up the structure in a flocculated kaollnite dispersion;21 this was attributed to the adsorption of the negative montmorillonlte particles onto the positive edges of the much larger kaollnite platelets.…”

Investigating the impact of drilling mud and its major components on bivalve species of Georges Bank

“…Since Na and Ca forms of lignosulfonate have been found to be only slightly adsorbed by clays (McAtee and Smith, 1969) , the adsorption of CLS is due to the presence of Fe and/or Cr. These results can be accounted for if the Cr and Fe adsorbed on the clay also retain some of their lignosulfonate ligands.…”