“…It is common belief that the formation of nuclei in the homogeneous medium (homogeneous or intrinsic nucleation) is not the most frequent mechanism in real materials as the energy for nucleation may be reduced locally (heterogeneous or extrinsic nucleation) at (1) point defects [304,305], (2) concentration inhomogeneities in solid solutions [306], (3) electrodes [307,308] (4) surfaces and defects at surfaces [303], (5) dislocations, cracks, pores and other defects, (6) domain walls [240,286] (in case of field-induced switching and FE-FE transitions) which are typically centers of excess charges, stress accumulation, modified energy landscapes, and frustrations [309]. The nucleation barrier may thus be locally reduced [272,273,310], and depends on the materials' defect structure and the boundary conditions.…”