Ferroelectric electron holography

Lichte, Hannes; Reibold, M.; Brand, Karin; Lehmann, Michael

doi:10.1016/s0304-3991(02)00277-2

Cited by 58 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…High-resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy Among the methods available for the investigation of domain walls is high-resolution electron microscopy (Goo et al, 1981;Bursill, Peng, and Feng, 1983;Bursill and Lin, 1986;Stemmer et al, 1995;Hytch, 1998;Lichte, 2002;Jia, 2003). This method allows direct visualization of the lattice distortion across the domain wall by measuring the continuous deviation of a set of planes with respect to the undistorted lattice (exit-wave reconstruction) (Foeth et al, 1999).…”

Section: Experimental Methods For the Investigation Of Domain Wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domain wall nanoelectronics

et al. 2012

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Domains in ferroelectrics were considered to be well understood by the middle of the last century: They were generally rectilinear, and their walls were Ising-like. Their simplicity stood in stark contrast to the more complex Bloch walls or Néel walls in magnets. Only within the past decade and with the introduction of atomic-resolution studies via transmission electron microscopy, electron holography, and atomic force microscopy with polarization sensitivity has their real complexity been revealed. Additional phenomena appear in recent studies, especially of magnetoelectric materials, where functional properties inside domain walls are being directly measured. In this paper these studies are reviewed, focusing attention on ferroelectrics and multiferroics but making comparisons where possible with magnetic domains and domain walls. An important part of this review will concern device applications, with the spotlight on a new paradigm of ferroic devices where the domain walls, rather than the domains, are the active element. Here magnetic wall microelectronics is already in full swing, owing largely to the work of Cowburn and of Parkin and their colleagues. These devices exploit the high domain wall mobilities in magnets and their resulting high velocities, which can be supersonic, as shown by Kreines' and co-workers 30 years ago. By comparison, nanoelectronic devices employing ferroelectric domain walls often have slower domain wall speeds, but may exploit their smaller size as well as their different functional properties. These include domain wall conductivity (metallic or even superconducting in bulk insulating or semiconducting oxides) and the fact that domain walls can be ferromagnetic while the surrounding domains are not.

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Section: Experimental Methods For the Investigation Of Domain Wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domain wall nanoelectronics

et al. 2012

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“…In the dark domains, the randomly oriented arrows indicate no in-plane polarization. At the transition to the bright domains, the arrows align hence suggest the local polarization distribution in the bright domains [9]. Holographic materials analysis at atomic dimensions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

50 years of electron biprism -50 years of exciting electron physics-

Lichte¹

2004

e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotechnol.

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In 1953, Gottfried Moellenstedt invented the electron biprism, more or less by accident, with the serendipity characteristic to him: Aiming at dark-field imaging in an electron microscope, he stretched a thin tungsten wire across the objective aperture to block off the zero beam. However, instead of a dark field image, because of inadvertent charging of the wire under the beam, he found two images of the ZnO-needles serving as an object. Instead of trying the dark field imaging over and over again, he asked what the effect would be if the obtained two images were superimposed. Is coherence given? Moellenstedt, educated by Walther Kossel in diffraction of electron waves, had a vision: Together with his PhD-student Heinrich Dueker, he developed the electron biprism, consisting of a 1µm thin wire deliberately chargeable by means of a voltage source, as a beam splitter for coherent superposition of the electron waves passing the filament on the right and on the left. In 1955 they published the first results showing biprism interference fringes [G. Moellenstedt and H. Dueker, Naturwiss. 42, 41 (1955)], which, since then, gave access to the understanding of electron waves and their use for analysis of object structures up to atomic dimensions.

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“…Now that we have determined the aspect ratio dependence of the spontaneous polarization in a triaxial ellipsoid, we can compute the expected electron phase shift due to the ferroelectric polarization charge density using Eq. (13).…”

Section: Polarization and Phase Shift Of Ellipsoidal Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, their theoretical description and interpretation was not entirely correct, as Spence et al [12] showed that the electrons are only sensitive to the polarization component perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electrons. Lichte et al [13,14] subsequently presented a basic framework for the investigation of ferroelectric domains using electron holography. Schofield et al [15] performed holography experiments on BaTiO 3 to map out the electric fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical study of ferroelectric nanoparticles using phase reconstructed electron microscopy

et al. 2014

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Ferroelectric nanostructures are important for a variety of applications in electronic and electro-optical devices, including nonvolatile memories and thin-film capacitors. These applications involve stability and switching of polarization using external stimuli, such as electric fields. We present a theoretical model describing how the shape of a nanoparticle affects its polarization in the absence of screening charges, and quantify the electron-optical phase shift for detecting ferroelectric signals with phase-sensitive techniques in a transmission electron microscope. We provide an example phase shift computation for a uniformly polarized prolate ellipsoid with varying aspect ratio in the absence of screening charges.

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Ferroelectric electron holography

Cited by 58 publications

References 14 publications

Domain wall nanoelectronics

Domain wall nanoelectronics

50 years of electron biprism -50 years of exciting electron physics-

Theoretical study of ferroelectric nanoparticles using phase reconstructed electron microscopy

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