Ferroelectric polarization switching in nylon‐11

Lee, J. W.; Takase, Y.; Newman, B. A.; Scheinbeim, J. I.

doi:10.1002/polb.1991.090290302

Cited by 147 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The process when the material is poled through the application of a variable electric field is called "hysteretic poling" [31]. The varying electric field is usually applied at low frequency (mHz) and either sinusoidal or triangular waveforms may be used [35][36][37][38].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization, performance and optimization of PVDF as a piezoelectric film for advanced space mirror concepts.

Jones¹,

Assink²,

Dargaville³

et al. 2005

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Piezoelectric polymers based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are of interest for large aperture spacebased telescopes as adaptive or smart materials. Dimensional adjustments of adaptive polymer films depend on controlled charge deposition. Predicting their long-term performance requires a detailed understanding of the piezoelectric material features, expected to suffer due to space environmental degradation. Hence, the degradation and performance of PVDF and its copolymers under various stress environments expected in low Earth orbit has been reviewed and investigated. Various experiments were conducted to expose these polymers to elevated temperature, vacuum UV, γ-radiation and atomic oxygen. The resulting degradative processes were evaluated. The overall materials performance is governed by a combination of chemical and physical degradation processes. Molecular changes are primarily induced via radiative damage, and physical damage from temperature and atomic oxygen exposure is evident as depoling, loss of orientation and surface erosion. The effects of combined vacuum UV radiation and atomic oxygen resulted in expected surface erosion and pitting rates that determine the lifetime of thin films. Interestingly, the piezo responsiveness in the underlying bulk material remained largely unchanged. This study has delivered a comprehensive framework for material properties and degradation sensitivities with variations in individual polymer performances clearly apparent. The results provide guidance for material selection, qualification, optimization strategies, feedback for manufacturing and processing, or alternative materials. Further material qualification should be conducted via experiments under actual space conditions. 3 4 AcknowledgementsThe authors express their appreciation to Bruce Tuttle for use of equipment to measure the d 33 coefficients, Jonathan Campbell for use of the evaporation chamber, Mark Stavig for DMA measurements, Gary Zender for acquiring the SEM images, Ralph

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization, performance and optimization of PVDF as a piezoelectric film for advanced space mirror concepts.

Jones¹,

Assink²,

Dargaville³

et al. 2005

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“…The electric displacement D and applied field E hysteresis studies carried out previously clearly indicate that Nylon 11 films, prepared by quenching and cold-drawing, behave as a ferroelectric material (11,12). Further, previous studies also showed that annealing prior to poling significantly decreased the spacing between hydrogen bonded sheets and also that this annealed structure showed a reduced reorientation of dipoles with These results clearly suggest that dipole reorientation in Nylon 11 films is inhibited by annealing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…A number of studies of piezoelectricity in the odd-numbered nylons has culminated recently in the demonstration of clear hysteresis loops of electric displacement D and applied electric field E, typical of ferroelectric materials, for Nylon 11 and Nylon 7 films prepared by quenching from the melt, followed by cold drawing (11)(12)(13). This new class of ferroelectric polymer, the odd-numbered nylons, have a crystal structure based on the packing of hydrogen-bonded sheets (14,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectric polarization mechanisms in nylon 11

Scheinbeim¹,

Lee²,

Newman³

1992

Macromolecules

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110

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!C 4e ageI hur oer reporse. Indlucng the time for reviewing minti.,ctions. searcming e.tng data sources 111IN In press, Macromolecules 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODEApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. Reproduction in wh1ole or in part is permitted for any purpose of the United States Government. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)The combined results of piezoelectric coefficient (d , e ) measurements, FTIR spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies of three dimensionally oriented Nylon i1 films reveal that the polarization occurs in the crystalline regions. In addition, the orientation of dipoles in a poled Nylon 11 film is not altered by a high temperature annealing treatment (185 0 C). This unique high temperature stability of dipole orientatiion in the crystalline regions provides a method to investigate the polarization mechanism for poled Nylon 11 films. Our results indicate that the difference in observed x-ray diffraction patterns from unpoled and poled films results from an initial 900 field induced dipole reorientation mechanism. Further dipole orientation appears to result from a 18 0 0C switching mechanism. DTIC AbstractThe combined results of piezoelectric coefficient (d 31 , e 31 ) measurements, FTIR spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies of three dimensionally oriented Nylon 11 films reveal that the polarization occurs in the crystalline regions. In addition, the orientation of dipoles in a poled Nylon 11 film is not altered by a high temperature annealing treatment (185°C). This unique high temperature stability of dipole orientation in the crystalline regions provides a method to investigate the polarization mechanism for poled Nylon 11 films. Our results indicate that the difference in observed x-ray diffraction patterns from unpoled and poled films results from an initial 900 field induced dipole reorientation mechanism. Further dipole reorientation appears to result from a 1800 switching mechanism.

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“…The current density versus electric field curves obtained by subtracting the direct current conducting component according to the general process described in ref. 11, and displacement-electric loops were calculated by integrating the current density versus electric field curves. The measurements were carried out at least 20 times to investigate the reproducibility, and the obtained hysteresis loops were identical to each other within experimental error.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Nylons synthesized by the polycondensation of dicarbonic acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms and diamines composed of odd-numbered carbon atoms have ferroelectricity because of their structures formed due to the hydrogen bonds between polymer chains. Scheinbeim et al [11][12][13][14][15] detected the ferroelectricity of nylon 7 prepared by quenching and drawing at low temperature. Nylon 7 is forced to form distorted structures to form hydrogen bonds [3], and the samples with disordered structures prepared by quenching can be made ferroelectric by applying an electric field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%