Ferroelectric Properties of Individual Barium Titanate Nanowires Investigated by Scanned Probe Microscopy

Yun, Wan Soo; Urban, Jeffrey J.; Gu, Qiang; Park, Hongkun

doi:10.1021/nl015702g

Cited by 310 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…signal certainly suggests that polar orientations initially lie parallel to the nanowire axes [23,24], and Schilling et al have clearly shown that local reorientations of polarization can be induced simply through changes in nanowire dimensions [25].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectrics at the nanoscale

Gregg¹

2009

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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There are several factors which make the investigation and understanding of nanoscale ferroelectrics particularly timely and important. Firstly, there is a market pressure, primarily from the electronics industry, to integrate ferroelectrics into devices with progressive decreases in size and increases in morphological complexity. This is perhaps best illustrated through the roadmaps for product development in FeRAM (Ferroelectric Random Access Memory) where the need for increases in bit density will require a move from 2D planar capacitor structures to 3D trenched capacitors in the next few years. Secondly, there is opportunity for novel exploration, as it is only relatively recently that developments in thin film growth of complex oxides, self‐assembly techniques and high‐resolution ‘top–down’ patterning have converged to allow the fabrication of isolated and well‐defined ferroelectric nanoshapes, the properties of which are not known. Thirdly, there is an expectation that the behaviour of small scale ferroelectrics will be different from bulk, as this group of functional materials is highly sensitive to boundary/surface conditions, which are expected to dominate the overall response when sizes are reduced into the nanoscale regime.This feature article attempts to introduce some of the current areas of discovery and debate surrounding studies on ferroelectrics at the nanoscale. The focus is directed primarily at the search for novel size‐related properties and behaviour which are not necessarily observed in bulk. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectrics at the nanoscale

Gregg¹

2009

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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“…This suggests that ferroelectric nanowires may be used to fabricate nonvolatile memory devices with an integration density approaching 1 terabit/ cm 2 . 8 Lead zirconate titanate Pb͑Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 ͒O 3 (PZT) is a ferroelectric material that possesses a perovskite crystal structure, and shows a high potential for applications in device due to its high dielectric constant, high Curie temperature, and high breakdown strength. PZT nanotubes have been obtained within silicon and nanochannel alumina (NCA) templates by using several different deposition techniques, including misted chemical solution deposition and pore wetting.…”

Section: (Received 22 June 2004; Accepted 4 September 2004)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and piezoresponse of highly ordered Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 nanowire arrays

Zhang

Zhao

Lai

et al. 2004

Applied Physics Letters

154

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We report the synthesis and characterization of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate Pb͑Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 ͒O 3 (PZT) nanowires. The PZT nanowires, with diameters of about 45 nm and lengths of about 6 m, were fabricated by means of a sol-gel method utilizing nanochannel alumina templates. After postannealing at 700°C, the PZT nanowires exhibit a polycrystalline microstructure, and x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy study revealed their perovskite crystal structure. Recently, increasing efforts have been made to synthesize and understand ferroelectric nanostructures because of the promise they show in the realization of nanoscale piezoelectric transducers and actuators, ultrasonic devices, and nonvolatility memory devices. [1][2][3][4][5] As ferroelectricity represents a cooperative phenomenon that relies on the interaction of neighboring permanent electric dipoles in a crystal lattice, there is a size limit, known as the superparaelectric limit, below which ferroelectricity vanishes. Therefore, the synthesis of ferroelectric nanostructures of a controllable size and shape is of great interest not only for future applications but also from a fundamental point of view. Urban and coworkers have reported earlier the synthesis of BaTiO 3 and SrTiO 3 nanorods with diameters ranging from 5 to 60 nm by a solution-phase decomposition of bimetallic alkoxide precursors in the presence of coordinating ligands.6 Using a sol-gel template method of synthesis, Hernandez et al. have fabricated BaTiO 3 and PbTiO 3 nanotubes within 200 nm alumina templates.7 Some interesting properties have also been found in ferroelectric nanowires. For example, BaTiO 3 nanowires as small as 10 nm in diameter still retain ferroelectricty, and nonvolatile polarization domains as small as 100 nm 2 in size can be induced on BaTiO 3 nanowires. This suggests that ferroelectric nanowires may be used to fabricate nonvolatile memory devices with an integration density approaching 1 terabit/ cm 2 . 8Lead zirconate titanate Pb͑Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 ͒O 3 (PZT) is a ferroelectric material that possesses a perovskite crystal structure, and shows a high potential for applications in device due to its high dielectric constant, high Curie temperature, and high breakdown strength. PZT nanotubes have been obtained within silicon and nanochannel alumina (NCA) templates by using several different deposition techniques, including misted chemical solution deposition and pore wetting. 3,9 In this letter, we report the synthesis of the PZT nanowires by using a sol-gel template method. We choose NCA as the template because the pore diameters of the NCA template can be well controlled from several hundreds of nanometers to 5 nm. Ferroelectric properties have been demonstrated in individual PZT nanowires by using piezoresponse force microcopy (PFM).NCA templates were prepared by means of anodization, 10,11 and the PZT nanowires were synthesized by sol-gel method utilizing the NCA templates. A PZT sol-gel precursor was prepared according to a previous report, 12...

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“…1 Pushed by the miniaturization constraints imposed by future devices, there is now an increasing interest in the synthesis and use of nanosized ferroelectrics. 2 Nowadays, various ferroelectric nanostructures-ultrathin films, 3,4 nanowires, 5 nanotubes, 6,7 nanoislands 8 -can be grown with control at the atomic scale. However, bringing ferroelectrics to the nanoscale raises fundamental questions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite-size effects in BaTiO3 nanowires

Geneste

Bousquet

Junquera

et al. 2006

Applied Physics Letters

116

101

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The size dependence of the ferroelectric properties of BaTiO 3 nanowires is studied from first principles. We show that the ferroelectric distortion along the wire axis disappears below a critical diameter of about 1.2 nm. This disappearance is related to a global contraction of the unit cell resulting from low atomic coordinations at the wire surface. It is shown that a ferroelectric distortion can be recovered under appropriate tensile strain conditions.

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Ferroelectric Properties of Individual Barium Titanate Nanowires Investigated by Scanned Probe Microscopy

Cited by 310 publications

References 27 publications

Ferroelectrics at the nanoscale

Ferroelectrics at the nanoscale

Synthesis and piezoresponse of highly ordered Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 nanowire arrays

Finite-size effects in BaTiO3 nanowires

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