Ferroelectric properties of nylon 11 and poly(vinylidene fluoride) blends

Gao, Qiong; Scheinbeim, J. I.; Newman, B. A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19991115)37:22<3217::aid-polb6>3.0.co;2-r

Cited by 37 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Besides their excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance, when uniaxially drawn, they also exhibit unique electroactive properties: high ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric response. 1 In previous studies, we found large enhancements in ferroelectric, 2 and piezoelectric properties 3 produced by powder blending PVF 2 with nylon-11. The drawing behavior of PVF 2 was also significantly improved by blending with nylon-11.…”

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confidence: 81%

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Crystallization Studies of Polymer Blends of Nylon-11/Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Gao

Scheinbeim

2003

Polym J

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ABSTRACT:The crystallization of blends of two semi-crystalline polymers nylon-11 and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF 2 ) was studied. The existence of separate melting and crystallization temperatures over the whole composition range showed that these two polymers did not co-crystallize. However, blending affected the crystallization behavior of each component. Adding nylon-11 decreased the crystallization temperature (T c ) of PVF 2 , but increased its crystallization rate. On the other hand, the T c of nylon-11 decreased, and its crystallization rate decreased as well when blended with PVF 2 . The crystallization mechanism of both nylon-11 and PVF 2 changed in the blends compared to that in the pure states. The Ozawa index, or Avrami exponent, of PVF 2 in the blend decreased from 3 to 1 as the crystallization temperature decreased from 137• C to 131• C, compared with a decrease from 2.5 to 1.3 observed in pure PVF 2 at the temperature range from 145• C to 135• C. The Avrami exponent of nylon-11 in the blend decreased from 2 to 1 as the crystallization temperature decreased from 159• C to 153• C, compared with a decrease from 2.5 to 0.75 observed in pure nylon-11 at the same temperature range. KEY WORDS Nylon-11 / Poly(vinylidene fluoride) / Non-Isothermal / Crystallization / Ozawa's Theory / Intermolecular Interactions / Polymer Blends / Nylon-11 and PVF 2 are both semi-crystalline polymers. Besides their excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance, when uniaxially drawn, they also exhibit unique electroactive properties: high ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric response. 1 In previous studies, we found large enhancements in ferroelectric, 2 and piezoelectric properties 3 produced by powder blending PVF 2 with nylon-11. The drawing behavior of PVF 2 was also significantly improved by blending with nylon-11. All the improvement of properties should be closely related to the structural development, especially the crystalline structure development in the blends. In this paper, we present a study of the crystallization behavior of the undrawn nylon-11/PVF 2 blend compared with that of the pure polymers which provide a base for establishing a structure-property relationship of this new ferroelectric polymer composite system. Nylon-11 is ferroelectric in the undrawn state while PVF 2 is not.It is well known that these two polymers contain strong polar groups: CONH in nylon-11 and CF 2 in PVF 2 , which, depending on their crystal structures, allows them to be ferroelectric and piezoelectric polymers. It is also known that the smaller the dipole moment difference, the more compatible the polymers. The dipole moment of the CONH group in nylon is 6.4 × 10 −30 cm, while that of the CF 2 group in PVF 2 is 6.3 × 10 −30 cm. For the mechanically mixed fine powder blends, the intra-and intermolecular interactions should contribute to the crystallization kinetics, crystallinity and even the polymorphic crystal form, which are all closely related to the processing and properties of these blends.In this work...

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“…2 Films of both pure polymers and blends were melt pressed and then stored in a dessicator before and after packing in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) aluminum sample pans. All measurements were carried out using a PerkinElemer DSC-4 under a dry nitrogen atmosphere.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization Studies of Polymer Blends of Nylon-11/Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Gao

Scheinbeim

2003

Polym J

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“…From this point of view, the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/polyamide (PA) blend is an interesting system because of some specific interactions between the components. [16,17] For example, the intermolecular interaction between PVDF and polyamide 11 (PA11) was evidenced by a decrease in the glass transition and melting temperatures and shifts of the infrared (IR) absorption bands. [16,17] High-shear processing of PVDF/PA11 blends produced nano-structured blends in which the fine domains of PA11, tens of nanometers in size, were dispersed in the PVDF phase.…”

Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16,17] For example, the intermolecular interaction between PVDF and polyamide 11 (PA11) was evidenced by a decrease in the glass transition and melting temperatures and shifts of the infrared (IR) absorption bands. [16,17] High-shear processing of PVDF/PA11 blends produced nano-structured blends in which the fine domains of PA11, tens of nanometers in size, were dispersed in the PVDF phase. [18] Interfacial adhesion in PVDF/polyamide 6 (PA6) blends has been suggested due to a fine phase morphology and a significant improvement in the ultimate strength and elongation at break in the blend.…”

Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Orientation Textures Induced by Confined Crystal Growth of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) in Oriented Blends with Polyamide 6

Kaito

Iwakura

et al. 2007

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Unique orientation textures have been induced by the confined crystal growth of PVDF in drawn films of PVDF/PA6 blends. Oriented films of PVDF/PA6 blends were prepared by uniaxially drawing melt‐mixed blends. The drawn films with fixed lengths were heat‐treated at 180 °C for 3 minutes to melt the PVDF component, followed by non‐isothermal crystallization of PVDF at a cooling rate of 0.5 °C · min−1. The crystal orientation was studied by WAXD. When PVDF was melted and recrystallized in the drawn films of the PVDF/PA6 = 50/50 blend at a slow cooling rate, the crystal b‐axis of the α‐crystalline form of PVDF was oriented in the drawing direction, forming orthogonal orientation textures. SEM showed that stretched domains of PVDF with diameters of 0.2–0.5 µm were dispersed in the PA6 phase in the drawn films of the PVDF/PA6 = 50/50 blend. Spatial confinement of the crystal growth resulted in the alignment of the crystal b‐axis along the long axis of the domains, because PVDF is crystallized in thin cylindrical domains. The orientation behavior is different from the oriented crystallization of PVDF/PA11 (Y. Li, A. Kaito, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2003, 24, 255), in which transcrystallization from the interface causes the a‐axis orientation to be in the drawing direction. It is thought that the domain size influenced the mechanism of oriented crystallization and the resultant crystal orientation.magnified image

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“…[10][11][12] In order to obtain high performance and inexpensive electroactive polymers (EAPs), many efforts have been made to modify the crystal structure and morphology in the PVDF-based polymers, including studies of the effects of irradiation on PVDF-based copolymer [13][14][15][16] and terpolymers, [17][18][19][20] PVDF-based composites, [4,[21][22][23] and PVDFbased polymer blends with thermal treatment. [24][25][26] However, as an important method of modifying polymers, graft copolymerization of comonomers from the backbone of these ferroelectric fluoropolymers was seldom adopted to prepare high performance EAPs. A few researches about this way were reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and microstructure of a novel graft copolymer from poly(vinylidene fluoride–chlorotrifluoroethylene–trifluoroethylene)

Tao

et al. 2014

Designed Monomers and Polymers

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A novel graft copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene-trifluoroethylene)-graft-poly(6-((4-cyano-4-biphenyl)oxy) hexyl methacrylate) (P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE)-graft-PCBHM) using P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE) as the initiator was successfully synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization. It was found that the crystallinity of resultant graft copolymer increased slightly after grafting from the P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE), and the crystalline regions in the graft copolymer contained more (β phase which has all-trans chain conformation) trans chain conformation. Upon the introduction of PCBHM side chains, the thermal stability of the graft copolymer was lower than that of pristine terpolymer, but the storage modulus was enhanced significantly, which is beneficial for breakdown field-strength enhancement, and dielectric properties simultaneously decreased.

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Ferroelectric properties of nylon 11 and poly(vinylidene fluoride) blends

Cited by 37 publications

References 25 publications

Crystallization Studies of Polymer Blends of Nylon-11/Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Crystallization Studies of Polymer Blends of Nylon-11/Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Unique Orientation Textures Induced by Confined Crystal Growth of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) in Oriented Blends with Polyamide 6

Synthesis and microstructure of a novel graft copolymer from poly(vinylidene fluoride–chlorotrifluoroethylene–trifluoroethylene)

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