Ferroelectrics of Ultrafine Particle Size: I, Synthesis of Titanate Powders of Ultrafine Particle Size

Kiss, Klara; Magder, Jules; Vukasovich, M. S.; Lockhart, Robert J.

doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1966.tb13265.x

Cited by 142 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Barium titanium oxalate [49] and other barium and titanium compounds have also been used to prepare high-purity BaTiO 3 . Small, uniform powders have been fabricated in an effort to produce more reactive powders [50][51][52].…”

Section: Batio 3 (Bt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramics, Electronic

Blum¹,

Heimann²

2011

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Background 2.1. Dielectric Effects and Classification of Dielectrics 2.2. Characteristic Dielectric Parameters 3. Linear Dielectrics 3.1. Al 2 O 3 3.2. New Substrate Materials 3.3. Polymer–Ceramic Composites 4. Nonlinear Dielectrics 4.1. Physics of Ferro‐ and Piezoelectricity 4.2. BaTiO 3 (BT) 4.3. PbTiO 3 , PbZrO 3 , PbTiO 3 –PbZrO 3 4.3.1. Crystal Structures, Processing, and Properties 4.3.2. Applications 4.4. PLZT 4.5. Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 /Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (PMN/PZN) 4.6. PbNb 2 O 6 4.7. LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 4.8. Lead‐Free Perovskites 4.9. Calcium Gallium Germanate (CGG) Compounds 4.10. Other Materials 5. Semiconducting Ceramics 5.1. SiC 5.1.1. Structure and Properties 5.1.2. Single‐Crystal Growth 5.1.3. Doping and Device Fabrication 5.1.4. Applications 5.2. TiO 2 6. Superconducting Ceramics 7. Sensor Materials 7.1. Oxide‐Based Sensors 7.2. Ferroic, Smart, and Intelligent Sensors

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Section: Batio 3 (Bt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceramics, Electronic

Blum¹,

Heimann²

2011

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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“…Andrich 9 reported that each 120°C 0°C À 90°C cubic 3 tetragonal 3 monoclinic 3 rhombohedral mole% SrTiO 3 added lowered the Curie temperature of BaTiO 3 from 125°C by À3% and each mole% PbTiO 3 added raised the Curie temperature by 5%. Hence (Ba 1Àx Sr x )TiO 3 and (Ba 1Àx Pb x )-TiO 3 can be tailored so that a given positive temperature coefficient device can operate either above or below 125°C (Eqns [1] and [2] The advantages are simplicity and low cost, but the disadvantages are that the high calcining temperature results in very large grain sizes and therefore cannot be used to obtain materials with a high dielectric constant; 10 if we want fine powder, grinding is required, leading to pollution problems; moreover, the mixing of large amounts of starting materials is not easy and can produce mixtures of Ba 2 TiO 4 , Ba 6 Ti 17 O 10 and BaTi 4 O 9 phases as sideproducts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them the hydrolysis of metal alkoxide 1 , oxalate precipitation in ethanol 2 , and alcoholic dehydration of citrate solution 3 are among the more attractive methods. In 1956 Clabaugh et al 4 described the preparation of barium titanyl oxalate tetrahydrate for conversion to high-purity barium titanate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of barium strontium titanate powder from citrate precursor

Kao

Yang

1999

Appl. Organometal. Chem.

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TiCl4 or titanium isopropoxide reacted with citric acid to form a titanyl citrate precipitate. Barium strontium citrate solutions were then added to the titanyl citrate reaction to form gels. These gels were dried and calcined to (Ba,Sr)TiO3 powders. The gels and powders were characterized by DSC/TGA, IR, SEM and XRD analyses. These results showed that, at 500 °C, the gels decomposed to Ba,Sr carbonate and TiO2, followed by the formation of (Ba,Sr)TiO3. The onset of perovskite formation occurred at 600 °C, and was nearly complete at 1000 °C. Traces of SrCO3 were still present. The cation ratios of the titanate powder prepared in the pH range 5–6 were closest to the original stoichiometry. Only 0.1 mol% of the free cations remained in solution. The titanyl citrates were precipitated in either ethanol or acetone. The acetone‐derived precipitates were always viscous, but those with a sufficient quantity of alcohol were powdery. The specific surface areas of the ceramic powders obtained by air‐ , vacuum‐ and freeze‐drying methods were 8.3 × 103, 10.2 × 103 and 12.5 × 103m2 kg−1, respectively. The powder obtained by freeze‐drying had the lowest degree of agglomeration. The precipitated powders of titanyl citrate which were freeze‐dried and calcined at 1100 °C were compacted and sintered at 1300 °C to obtain dense ceramic bodies with 95% of the theoretical density. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Several low-temperature chemical routes have been reported for the synthesis of BaTiO 3 -based solid solutions. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In the co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods, stoichiometry deviations and formation of biphasic solid solutions have been reported. Also, the high temperatures Tࢽ500c C required for achieving complete solid solution in some of the low-temperature methods such as sol-gel and MOD make them less favourable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Step Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Ba(SnxTi1-x)O3

Kumar¹,

Joseph²,

Selvam³

2005

J. Ceram. Soc. Japan

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Nanocrystalline, monophasic BaSn x Ti 1ࢬx O 3 =BST? have been prepared by a simple, new low-temperature, direct-precipitation method. The crystalline phase, particle size and compositional homogeneity of the BST powders thus synthesized are examined by XRD, SEM and ICP-OES. The dielectric properties of the solid solutions prepared by this new method are reported. Formation mechanism of the crystalline BST and the effect of Sn content on successive phase transitions, in this solid solution system, are also reported.

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Ferroelectrics of Ultrafine Particle Size: I, Synthesis of Titanate Powders of Ultrafine Particle Size

Cited by 142 publications

References 2 publications

Ceramics, Electronic

Ceramics, Electronic

Preparation of barium strontium titanate powder from citrate precursor

One-Step Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Ba(SnxTi1-x)O3

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