Ferromagnetism induced by donor-related defects in Co-doped ZnO thin films

Synthesis and Characterization of Co–ZnO and Evaluation of Its Photocatalytic Activity for Photodegradation of Methyl Orange

“…The lower energy peak in O 1s spectra is attributed to the intrinsic O 2– ions in the wurtzite structure of the hexagonal Zn 2+ ion array, while the higher energy peak is attributed to O 2– ions in the oxygen-deficient area of ZnO. 33 , 34 Figure 3 c shows the Co 2p spectrum of Co–ZnO which exhibits two peaks, one at 780.3 eV and the other 795.8 eV. These peaks are attributed to Co 2p3/2 and Co 2p1/2, respectively.…”

Co–Ga codoping effect on preferred growth orientations and properties of ferromagnetic ZnO thin films

“…oxygen vacancies (V O ) and zinc interstitials (Zn i ), which is responsible for the n-type conduction in ZCO. Both theoretical modeling and experimental results have suggested that Co 2 þ -V O pair interaction is the origin of the FM [32,33]. Co 2 þ -V O and Co 2 þ -Zn i pairs can act as the magnetic centers for the long-range coupling mediated by electrons.…”

Defect-induced room temperature ferromagnetism in Fe and Na co-doped ZnO nanoparticles

“…A lot of further researches concerning their ferromagnetism mechanisms and the impact factors have been carried out, and various debates are never scarce. In recent research works, additional defects such as oxygen vacancies or H interstitials were proved to play an important role in establishing or enhancing the magnetic couplings both in oxides compound [13][14][15] and doping compounds [16][17][18]. Many types of oxide semiconductors such as HfO 2 , CeO 2 , CaO, etc.…”