Ferrous Ferric Chloride Downregulates the Inflammatory Response to <i>Rhodococcus aurantiacus</i> Infection in Mice

Abstract

The healthy drink Pairogen (Akatsuka Co., Mie, Japan) consists of 90% ferrous ferric chloride (FFC) water and 10% purified ingredients, including rice vinegar, Japanese apricot vinegar, apple vinegar, persimmon vinegar, vitamin B 2 , vitamin B 6 , vitamin C, glucose, fructose, citric acid, and malic acid.1,2) FFC is a special aqueous iron composed of a complex of ferrous chloride and ferric chloride and is known to participate in intracellular redox reactions.3,4) FFC water is obtained by immersing FFC ceramic beads (Akatsuka Co.) in water. Pairogen and FFC water are reported to influence multiple biological functions in living organisms. For example, Hasegawa et al. demonstrated that FFC water stimulates plant growth, particularly that of roots.5) The addition of either FFC water or Pairogen to a medium showed an equal effect on inducing the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells derived from both humans and mice.

Effects of a vinegar-based multi-micronutrient supplement in rats: A multi-pronged assessment of dietary impact

“…These effects were passed on to their F1 progeny. Enhanced IL-10 and heme oxygenase-1, decreased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in Rhodococcus aurantiacus -stimulated peritoneal macrophages were also shown in F1 mice consuming Pairogen (Yimin et al, 2012).…”

“…The rice and fruit vinegars are obtained by fermentation of rice and fruit sugars, respectively. Adding Pairogen to drinking water has been reported to improve mouse survival when challenged with intravenous administration of Rhodococcus (Yimin et al, 2012). Pairogen-supplemented mice cleared bacteria from liver and spleen significantly faster.…”

“…Although the effects of Pairogen have been studied in a disease model, as described above (Yimin et al, 2012), no data on the effects of chronic consumption of this drink in healthy animals are available. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of continuous access to a vinegar-based multi-micronutrient supplement (Pairogen) in drinking water during gestation, nursing (lactation) and early adulthood in rats.…”