Fertilidade do solo, correção da acidez e recomendação de adubação para o cacaueiro

Júnior, José Olímpio de Souza; Sodré, George Andrade; Neves, Júlio César Lima

doi:10.7476/9786586213188.0011

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…What happens is that the chemical attributes associated with greater natural soil fertility are often antagonistic to the desirable physical attributes for cacao tree cultivation such as high effective depth, good drainage, and high capacity to retain available water (Souza Júnior et al., 2018). In addition, there is a strong relationship between mineralogy and soil chemistry, as younger soils often have more active clay mineralogy and, consequently, greater fertility.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edaphic and physiographic attributes and death of cacao trees in drought years

et al. 2023

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Occurrence of more frequent events of prolonged periods of low rainfall (drought) in worldwide cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production zones has not only compromised productivity of small farmers but also crop survival. This study aimed to evaluate how and to what extent cacao tree mortality in dry years is related with variations in soil and physiographic features. The rate of mortality of cacao trees cultivated under an agroforestry system was evaluated over three periods (1994-1995, 2009-2013, and 2015-2019) on 36 plots of a farm in Bahia, Brazil, which has a wide diversity of soils and is established in a region with a subhumid to dry climate. Correlation analyses (single and multiple), cluster analysis, and Tukey tests were performed. The explanatory variables studied were the attributes of two soil layers (physical, mineralogical, and chemical), the diagnostic horizon, and the physiographic attributes (slope, terrain orientation in relation to the sun, and crop shading). The edaphic attributes most related to cacao tree mortality were physical (granulometry, porosity, and density) and mineralogical (Ki), mainly in the subsurface layer. The lowest mortality was observed in Oxisols and on slopes facing south and east. It was possible to establish recommend limits of the most suitable edaphic attributes to ensure greater survival of cacao trees cultivated in regions subject to recurrent water deficit similar to the conditions of this study. These findings can be used to guide farmers on how to mitigate the effect of drought. INTRODUCTIONIncrease in the frequency of drought events in the cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production regions of the world has Abbreviations: BD, bulk density; BS, base saturation; CEC, cation exchange capacity; Ki, SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio; Kr, SiO 2 /(Fe 2 O 3 +Al 2 O 3 ) molar ratio; PCA, principal components analysis; PDP, percentage of dead plants; P rem , remaining P; S-value, sum of basic cations; Sl, terrain slope; SLAI, shading leaf area index; SORS, slope orientation in relation to the sun; TOC, total organic carbon; TP, total porosity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Edaphic and physiographic attributes and death of cacao trees in drought years

et al. 2023

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“…At the establishment of both experiments, 6 t ha −1 of lime at 0-20 cm was applied and incorporated, according to the soil analysis interpretation and local recommendations [21]. In addition, potassium (K), as KCl, was applied with the following doses of K 2 O: 240 kg ha −1 in 2014/15; 160 kg ha −1 in 2015/16; 140 kg ha −1 in 2016/17; and 90 kg ha −1 year −1 in the following seasons up to 2019/20.…”

Section: Experimental Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The K fertilization was carried out on the surface before sowing, under the same conditions for all treatments. In maize crop, we added a total of 160 kg ha −1 of N (applied at V2 and V4 stages), according to local recommendations [21].…”

Section: Experimental Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sources of phosphate were simple superphosphate (SSP; 18% P 2 O 5 ) for correction and 02-28-00 (N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O) formulation for maintenance, except for T5, which always received 02-28-00 formulation. Doses applied annually are presented in Table 2 and were defined according to plant demand and local recommendations [21]. The total P 2 O 5 applied was 834 kg ha −1 for all treatments throughout the six seasons.…”

Section: First Experiment-phosphate Management For Soil P Buildupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphate Management for High Soybean and Maize Yields in Expansion Areas of Brazilian Cerrado

Gotz

Holzschuh²,

Vargas³

et al. 2023

Agronomy

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The low phosphorus (P) availability is considered one of the most limiting factors for suitable crop production in Brazilian Cerrado areas. We aimed to define the best P fertilizer management for maximum soybean and maize grain yield and minimum soil P adsorption in new agricultural areas. Two experiments were carried out in a Hapludox (pH 5.0) over six years. The first experiment evaluated five P fertilizer management (correction and maintenance): correction and maintenance at furrow; correction incorporated and maintenance at furrow; correction at furrow and maintenance broadcasted; correction and maintenance broadcasted; gradual correction (five years) and maintenance at furrow. The second experiment evaluated doses of P2O5: 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 kg ha−1 year−1 applied at furrow or broadcasted. The P correction incorporated (0–20 cm) and maintenance at furrow resulted in higher yield and soil labile P. The yield increased up to 250 kg ha−1 of P2O5, and soil P fractions linearly increased, independent of application mode. Thus, the best P management would be full correction incorporated in bulk soil and maintenance at furrow; initial P correction (up to 250 kg ha−1 of P2O5) is essential in new Cerrado areas. These results are useful for orientating P management decisions in new sustainable agricultural systems.

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“…This includes reactions of oxireduction due to variations in the contents of moisture in the soil, which may occur locally in the area because of variations of drainage in the area, compaction, excesses of rains in certain periods, affecting the availability of these nutrients (Chaves et al, 1991). Practices such as liming and phosphate fertilization may also affect the dynamics of these elements (Souza Junior et al, 2018). This way, such possibilities potentially increase the variability of the data.…”

Section: Sufficiency Rangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology, biometry and mineral nutrition of cocoa clones cultivated in full sun

Benjamin¹

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The cultivation of cocoa in full sun seeks technological modernization and yield increase; however, very little is known about this new production model. Thus, the aim of the present study was to: i) characterize six cocoa clones (PS 1319, CCN 51, CCN 10, SJ 02, CP 49 and PH 16), grown in full sun in Linhares, in the north of the state of Espírito Santo, regarding their physiology, leaf structure, yield and biometrics of fruits and seeds; ii) establishment of a nutritional sufficiency range through a leaf analysis and nutrient exportation of these six cocoa clones. The physiological evaluation and of the leaf structure took place by means of measurements of gas exchanges, chlorophyll flourescence, concentration of chloropastidic pigments, specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal density (SD) and potential quantum yield of photosystem II - Fv/Fm ratio. Yield was estimated by counting and weighing healthy seeds and fruits. For the biometrics of fruits and seeds, the following were evaluated: weight (LW); fruit length (FL) and diameter (FD), fresh weight of the shell (FWS), wet weight of the seed (WWA), number of seeds (NS) and individual weight of dry seed (IWDS). For the leaf sampling, four plants of each clone were randomly chosen, from which four diagnostic leaves were collected per plant. As for the fruit sampling, 10 ripe and healthy fruits were collected per clone and the separation of the shell and almonds was carried out. After the preparation of the leaf and fruit samples, they were sent to the laboratory for the quantification of the contents of mineral nutrients. The evaluation of almond yield was performed during the main and intercrop seasons and, for each clone, the healthy fruits and their seeds were collected, counted and weighed. After checking the high yield of the clones and the data normal distribution, the adequate sufficiency ranges were established considering μ ± σ. The trial was analyzed as a hierarchy classification, and for each one of the six clones, 14 plots were randomly plotted, each one composed of 1 plant (experimental unit). The clones presented differences in the evaluations of gas exchanges and the A values found were higher than the mean values in the literature, which suggests acclimatization of the clones grown in full sun to light intensity. Moreover, under high light intensity, the values of the Fv/Fm ratio indicated the absence of photoinhibition. There were significant differences for all the parameters of biometrics, except for LW, demonstrating expressive variability for the production of fruits and seeds. The clones presented a high yield of dried almond (1200 to 2900 kg ha -1 ) and the differences among clones in the contents of nutrients for the different compartments were expected, due to the variation of productivity among the materials. Adequate sufficiency ranges for each clone represent a first approach in conditions of cultivation in full sun in Brazil. The nutrient exportation by the shell was high, presenting potential for use as an organic fertilizer when returned to the culture. As for the exportation of some nutrients by the fruit, it reinforced the importance of nutritional replacement via fertilization, so that the reduction of the soil natural fertility does not occur. Finally, intensive cultivation of cocoa in full sun showed high production potential. Keywords: Theobroma cacao L. Ecophysiology. Plant nutrition. Leaf diagnosis.

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Fertilidade do solo, correção da acidez e recomendação de adubação para o cacaueiro

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Edaphic and physiographic attributes and death of cacao trees in drought years

Edaphic and physiographic attributes and death of cacao trees in drought years

Phosphate Management for High Soybean and Maize Yields in Expansion Areas of Brazilian Cerrado

Physiology, biometry and mineral nutrition of cocoa clones cultivated in full sun

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