Fertility and Child Mortality in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana

Fertility and Early-Life Mortality: Evidence from Smallpox Vaccination in Sweden

“…*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Notes: The left-hand-side variable is the vaccination rate in columns (1)- (2), smallpox mortality in columns (3)- (4), child mortality in columns (5)- (6) and the death rate in columns (7)- (8) at the parish level between 1795-1860 (in columns (3)- (4) the observation period is 1800-1860). The table reports least squares estimates, weighted by log population size in 1800.…”

“…In this subsection, we have carried out a number of robustness checks which are based on estimation equation (6). The method of estimation is weighted least squares.…”

“…Compared to the previous studies we provide an identi…cation strategy for which it is less plausible that the introduction of vaccine and the pre-vaccination distribution of smallpox has a direct impact on fertility. 6 Our paper also builds on the literature on health, education, and economic growth which uses disease eradication in a di¤erences-in-di¤erences framework to obtain identi…cation. Our identi…cation strategy builds on Bleakley (2007) who combines the timing of hookworm eradication in the US South with the pre-eradication distribution of hookworm to obtain its e¤ects on education.…”

“…Schultz (1985), Dribe (2009) 6 An older literature also proposed instrumental variables estimation. Benefo and Schultz (1996) use presence of malaria eradication and child immunization programmes as an instrument for child mortality in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire.…”

Under-Five Mortality of Children and its Determinants in Ethiopian Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

“…Birth interval has been identified by numerous studies as a major determinant of childhood mortality [4,5]. Studies have also shown that children of educated mothers will survive better than children of non-educated mothers [6][7][8].…”