Fertilization Dynamics and Parental Effects Upon Fruit Development in Raphanus Raphanistrum: Consequences for Seed Size Variation

Mazer, Susan J.; Snow, Allison A.; Stanton, Maureen L.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1986.tb12068.x

Cited by 90 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Seed weight decreased with an increase in the number of seeds in the fruit, but also varied with respect to seed position in the ovary (Stanton 1984a). Strong maternal effects on the number of ovules per ovary, the number of fertilized ovules per ovary, the number of seeds per fruit and mean individual seed weight per fruit were reported for the species (Mazer et al 1986). Stanton (1985) found that larger seeds generally produce larger plants with more flowers than do smaller seeds, a conclusion supported by Choe et al (1988) who found that the weight of a radish plant at any given period of early growth is proportional to the original seed weight, and that relative growth rate is not influenced by initial seed weight.…”

Section: Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L.

Warwick¹,

Francis²

2005

Can. J. Plant Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Warwick, S. I. and Francis, A. 2005. The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum. Can. J. Plant Sci. 85: . A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature and ensure that it will be a continuing problem. It can easily hybridize with cultivated radish, R. sativus L., and commonly does so when they occur together. Limited hybridization with canola, Brassica napus L., has been reported from several experimental field and greenhouse trials. Selective herbicide control is most difficult in canola and other cruciferous crops. It is the most important dicot weed in the southwestern region of Australia, primarily due to the evolution of several different herbicide-resistant biotypes. These include biotypes resistant to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors (group 2 herbicides) and/or photosystem II-inhibitors (group 5), and a biotype with multiple resistance to ALS-inhibitors, photosystem II-inhibitors, an auxin (2,4-D amine), and a phytoene desaturase (PSDS)-inhibitor (diflufenican). A biotype resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron has also been detected in South Africa. Un réservoir de semences bien stocké, une croissance agressive pour une annuelle et une grande fécondité expliquent la nature problématique de l'espèce, qui le demeurera longtemps. La plante se croise facilement avec le radis cultivé R. sativus et le fait couramment aux endroits où les deux espèces se côtoient. On a aussi rapporté une hybridation partielle avec le canola, Brassica napus L., lors de quelques essais sur des parcelles expérimentales ou en serre. La lutte au moyen de désherbants sélectifs s'avère particulièrement délicate dans les champs de canola et d'autres crucifères. Il s'agit de la principale dicotylédone nuisible dans le sud-ouest de l'Australie, principalement en raison de l'apparition de biotypes résistants. Ces biotypes résistent notamment aux inhibiteurs de l'acétolactate-synthase (herbicides du groupe 2) ou du photosystème II (groupe 5) ou aux deux. On a aussi identifié un biotype résistant aux deux types d'inhibiteurs précités ainsi qu'à l'auxine (2,4-D amine) et à l'inhibiteur de la phytoène désaturase. Enfin, on a repéré un biotype résistant au chlorsulfuron (inhibiteur de l'acétolactate-synthase) en Afrique du Sud.

show abstract

Section: Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L.

Warwick¹,

Francis²

2005

Can. J. Plant Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…ing season (Cavers & Steel, 1984 ;Winn, 1991 ;Wolfe, 1995) ; the position of a fruit within an inflorescence (Hendrix, 1984) or a seed within a fruit (Stanton, 1984b ;Mazer et al, 1986) ; competition between developing embryos for limited maternal resource leading to a trade-off between seed weight and seed number within fruits (Stanton, 1984b ;Wolf et al, 1986) ; and inbreeding depression causing low weight in seeds resulting from selfing (Manasse & Stanton, 1991 ;Wolfe, 1995).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed weight and seed number affect subsequent fitness in outcrossing and selfing Primula species

Tremayne

Richards

2000

New Phytologist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Using the outcrossing Primula farinosa and its autogamous selfing relatives P. scotica, P. scandinavica and P. stricta, we compared the fitness of light and heavy seeds. Heavy seeds germinated in greater numbers and more quickly. In competition with seedlings grown from lighter seeds, heavy seeds produced larger rosettes. In P. farinosa such seedlings went on to produce more seeds, and in two populations heavier seeds, than plants from lighter seeds. After transplantation to natural populations, seedlings of P. farinosa derived from heavy seeds produced larger rosettes, more flowers and seeds than those from lighter seeds in certain populations so that seedlings born of heavy seeds were much fitter than seedlings from lighter seeds. Average seed weight varied in inverse proportion to seed number per capsule. The autogamous species produced on average about twice as many seeds per capsule as P. farinosa. In P. scotica and P. stricta this difference appears to be due in part to assured fertilization, but this high fecundity did not cause disadvantageously light seeds. As these species produced fewer capsules per scape, their overall seed production was on average no greater than for P. farinosa. P. farinosa tradedoff fitness between capsules with large seed numbers, which donated more offspring to the next generation, and those with small seed numbers, whose heavy seeds would be more likely to reproduce themselves in the next generation. We conclude that low fecundity in outcrossing species might at times be advantageous.

show abstract

“…The approach has been to measure the proportion of the variation due to genetic differences among individuals, to identify the source(s) of the genetic variation and then to ask whether, or at what level, this character is subject to natural selection. Antonovics and Schmitt (1986), Mazer et al (1986), Mazer (1987) and Schaal (1980Schaal ( , 1984 have shown, with respect to the variance in seed size that: (1) by far the largest component is environmental (2) most of the environmental component is due to withinplant variance and (3) the largest component of the genetic variance is due to differences among maternal lines. The size of the environmental variance has been interpreted as suggesting that little response to selection can be expected, while the predominantly maternal determination of the existing genetic variance indicates that any selection response which might occur will be slow (e.g., Naylor, 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The largest component of this environmental variance, namely, the within-plant variation, has ral sources; e.g., time of fruit production (e.g., ers and Steel, 1984), numbers of seeds per plant ruit (e.g., Bradford and Smith, 1977;Giles and gtsson, 1988;Giles and Lefkovitch, 1985;Nickell and Grafius, 1969;Olsson, 1960;Stanton, 1984b;Werner and Platt, 1976), fruit position (e.g., Harper et al, 1970, p. 72), and seed position within a fruit or inflorescence (Mazer et a!., 1986;McGinley, in press;Schaal, 1980;Stanton, 1984a, b). In particularly, individual plants of many species in the Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Leguminaceae and Brassicaceae (Harper, 1977), always produce seeds whose sizes vary continuously as a result of their position on the maternal plant (i.e., within fruit or inflorescence).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been suggested that the expected reduction in variance is not observed because the primary source of seed size variation arises from constraints due, for example, to the spatial packing arrangement of flowers/seeds, or developmental gradients such as differences in flowering time which lead to differences in seed-filling duration within the inflorescence (e.g., Mazer et a!., 1986;Roach and Wulif, 1987;Silvertown, 1984;McGinley et al, 1987;McGinley, in press; and personal observations in both wild and cultivated barleys). Here it is assumed that what we observe as maternal position effects are the by-product of these constraints, and the resulting variation is neither purely environmental in the sense of being random, nor genetic variation which is available to selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The effects of variation in seed size on growth and reproduction in the wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum

Giles

1990

Heredity

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The size of a seed is known to affect the fitness of the plant growing from it; larger seeds often have the higher fitnesses. Based on the assumption that most seed size variation will be found among genotypes, reductions in the variance of seed size, due to selection towards seeds of similar and larger sizes have been predicted, but unfortunately, not observed. Many plant species produce seeds which vary in size due to their position in the infiorescence or fruit. I thus wanted to see if the variation in seed size within a plant created variation in fitness and if so, whether this might explain why the expected reduction in variance is not observed. Pairs of seeds from the selffertilizing Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum, sharing maternal and paternal genotype, maternal environment and growth environment but differing in the amount of endosperm available to the embryo, were used. Initial seed size affected time of germination, seedling growth rate and the number of seeds produced. There were, however, no differences in the means of the sizes of seed produced by genetically identical individuals, which can be explained if the position effects are regenerated by seeds of different sizes. It is proposed that it is not a particular seed size which characterises a genotype but a particular distribution of sizes. Position effects are the agents creating the size distributions which ensure that seed size and fitness variation is produced every generation. Evidence is presented which suggests that variation in the expression of position effects exists and may be available to selection. The evolutionary role of this variation is considered in light of current models. INTRODUCTIONIn plant species which produce seeds containing endosperm, the size of a seed is primarily determined by the amount of endosperm it possesses; the endosperm is the maternal resource available to the embryo for germination and seedling establishment.Variation in seed size has been observed in many species among populations, among plants within populations and within single plants (e.g.,

show abstract

Fertilization Dynamics and Parental Effects Upon Fruit Development in Raphanus Raphanistrum: Consequences for Seed Size Variation

Cited by 90 publications

References 37 publications

The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L.

Seed weight and seed number affect subsequent fitness in outcrossing and selfing Primula species

The effects of variation in seed size on growth and reproduction in the wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About