Fertilizing capacity and morphology of fowl and turkey spermatozoa in hypotonic extender

Bakst, M. R.

doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0600121

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Avian sperm appear prone to bending, especially in the region encompassing the base of the head, neck, midpiece and the adjacent segment of the principal piece [12]. A number of studies have reported on the fragility of the neck region of poultry sperm, which makes this region susceptible to damage [2,4,9,[12][13][14][15]32], particularly when the cells are exposed to adverse physiological influences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have reported on the fragility of the neck region of poultry sperm, which makes this region susceptible to damage [2,4,9,[12][13][14][15]32], particularly when the cells are exposed to adverse physiological influences. Various external factors such as osmolarity, storage time and temperature have been implicated in sperm bending [13,14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the first morphological evidence of any form of head (head-base bending) or neck (disjointed sperm) "bending" taking place in the avian testis. Despite numerous publications on "bent" or "crooked-necked" sperm [2,4,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]23,26] in birds, no information on the origin of this defect has been presented. Both defects could conceivably also develop in the ductus deferens due to a combination of inherent and external factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bakst and Sexton [2], for example, use the term "bent spermatozoa" to describe "those in which the head was reflexed at the neck, midpiece 3 or distal aspect of the nucleus". This description was later extended to include the proximal part of the principal piece and further defined as an acute flexion of the tail bringing it adjacent and parallel to the head [12]. This anomaly was particularly evident in sperm subjected to adverse osmotic conditions, temperature variations and different storage times [2,4,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Head-base bending and disjointed spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): A morphological comparison of two closely related defects

Plessis

Soley

2011

Theriogenology

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The accurate assessment of avian sperm abnormalities is hampered by a lack of descriptive data and by the confusing terminology currently in use. Critical appraisal of semen samples from the distal ductus deferens of the emu revealed that two closely related yet separate (distinct) defects previously collectively referred to as "bent sperm" or "crooked-necked sperm" could be identified by light and electron microscopy. Head-base bending typically involved a 180° bend at the base of the nucleus which placed the head and midpiece into close apposition and parallel to each other. No part of the neck or midpiece was involved and bending was restricted exclusively to the base of the nucleus. Incomplete chromatin condensation was always associated with the bend. Disjointed sperm, which superficially resembled "bent" sperm, showed complete separation of the neck from 2 the head-base at the level of the connecting piece. All structural elements of the neck region appeared normal. In both defects the region of contact between the head (nucleus) and the neck/midpiece was enclosed as a unit by the plasmalemma. Both defects were observed to originate in the testis; however, their subsequent expression in the ductus deferens cannot be ruled out. These results confirm that head-base bending of emu sperm represents a head defect, whereas disjointed sperm should be classified as a tail (neck/midpiece) defect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Head-base bending and disjointed spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): A morphological comparison of two closely related defects

Plessis

Soley

2011

Theriogenology

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“…In addition, the observation that cytoplasmic droplets (see below) are often associated with head bending also implicates inconsistency in the removal of residual cytoplasm during spermiation in the formation of bent heads. Distention of the plasmalemma induced by the use of hypotonic extender is also reported to cause head bending (towards the base of the nucleus) as well as various degrees of tail bending [37].…”

Section: Head Defectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Plessis

Soley

2011

Theriogenology

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Little detailed information is currently available on the incidence and morphological characteristics of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and of ratites in general. This situation is further compounded by the lack of a uniform system for the morphological classification of avian sperm defects. Considering the important role that sperm morphology plays in the assessment of semen quality, a detailed description of avian sperm defects is of paramount importance. Based on morphological data provided by light and electron microscopy, a mean of 17.3% abnormal sperm was recorded in semen samples collected from the distal deferent duct of four adult emus during the middle of the breeding season. Four categories of defects were identified. Head defects (57.2% of total defects) consisted of bent heads, macrocephalic heads, round heads and acephalic sperm. Zones of incomplete chromatin condensation and retained cytoplasmic droplets appeared to be implicated in head bending, while giant heads were often associated with multiple tails. Acephalic sperm revealed a complete tail devoid of a head which was replaced by a small spherical structure. Tail defects (22.6% of total defects) were subdivided into neck/midpiece defects and principal piece defects. In the neck/midpiece region disjointed sperm were the exclusive defect noted and were characterized by the complete separation of the head and midpiece in the neck region but within the confines of the plasmalemma. Defects observed in the principal piece were subdivided into short tails, coiled tails and multiple tails. No conclusive evidence was obtained that tail coiling represented the 'Dag' defect. Biflagellate sperm were the most common form of multiple tails, demonstrating two complete tails with all the normal structural elements. Cytoplasmic droplets (13.9% of total defects) were classified as a separate defect. The location and eccentric positioning of retained cytoplasmic droplets was similar to that described in ostrich sperm although the composition of the droplets differed markedly between the two species. A small percentage of sperm (6.3% of total sperm defects) displayed multiple abnormalities. Based on these findings we propose a morphological classification for abnormal ratite sperm identifying head and tail defects, with additional categories for cytoplasmic droplets and multiple defects. Each category is further subdivided to reflect a range of specific defects within the category. It is envisaged that additional defects will be added to each category or that new categories may be added as future studies on the detailed morphology of avian sperm defects are completed.

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A Comparison of Critical Osmolality and Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Activation Energy in Fowl and Bull Spermatozoa

WATSON,

KUNZE,

CRAMER

et al. 1992

Journal of Andrology

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Measurements were made of critical osmolality, the osmolality at which 50% of the cells are lysed, and of the permeation time, the time taken to lyse 50% of the cells in an osmotic solution lower than the critical osmolality, for fowl and bull spermatozoa. Cell lysis was determined by means of fluorescent viability stains (carboxyfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide) using a flow cytometer. The advantages and pitfalls of this approach are addressed. The values obtained have been used to compute the water permeability, or hydraulic conductivity, of the plasma membrane and its activation energy for each species. Fowl spermatozoa were found to have a lower critical osmolality (17 mOsm) than bull spermatozoa (36 mOsm), and this is discussed in relation to the differences in cell shape and size. The hydraulic conductivities of fowl and bull spermatozoa were 2.1 and 10.8 μm × atmosphere × minute, respectively, and the respective activation energies were 4.4 and 3.0 kcal/mol. The relevance of these findings to cryopreservation of spermatozoa is considered.

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Fertilizing capacity and morphology of fowl and turkey spermatozoa in hypotonic extender

Abstract: Summary. The

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Head-base bending and disjointed spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): A morphological comparison of two closely related defects

Head-base bending and disjointed spermatozoa in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): A morphological comparison of two closely related defects

Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

A Comparison of Critical Osmolality and Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Activation Energy in Fowl and Bull Spermatozoa

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