Ferulic Acid: Signaling Pathways in Aging

Abstract

The need for clinical remedies to the multiple age-related deficiencies in skin function brought on by extrinsic and intrinsic causes is increased by these demographic changes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) mutations, telomere shortening, as well as other factors, contribute to the aging of the skin. In this overview, the issue of human skin aging is introduced, along with several pathways and the protective effects of ferulic acid in light of current patents. The complex antioxidant effect of ferulic acid depends on the “sweeping” away of free radicals as well as the suppression of the synthesis of ROS or nitrogen. Furthermore, Cu (II) or Fe protonated metal ions are chelated by this acid (II). Ferulic acid is a free radical scavenger as well as an enzyme inhibitor, increasing the activity of enzymes that scavenge free radicals while decreasing the activity of enzymes that speed up the creation of free radicals. AMPK signalling, which can regulate cellular homeostasis, stress tolerance, cell survival and proliferation, cell death, and autophagy, has recently been linked to aging and lifespan. Therefore, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and rodents had longer life-spans due to specific AMPK activation. By inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway, UV irradiation can reduce the production of procollagen. Glycation changes the skin’s physical characteristics, making it less elastic and stiffer. . Excessive free radicals simultaneously trigger the nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κB) signalling pathway, increasing TNF levels and matrix metalloproteinase production (MMPs).

Anti-Wrinkling Effect of 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic Acid from the Roots of Nymphoides peltata through MAPK/AP-1, NF-κB, and Nrf2 Signaling in UVB-Irradiated HaCaT Cells

“…In this study, we isolated and identified 15 phytochemicals, including a new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside, in a methanolic extract of N. peltata roots and evaluated their protective effects on UVB-induced cellular injuries in HaCaT cells. Of these 15 compounds, α-spinasterol, ferulic acid, CQA, and TCQA markedly enhanced Nrf2-ARE luciferase activity; the antioxidant effects of α-spinasterol, ferulic acid, and CQA have been previously reported [43][44][45]. Therefore, we conducted further experiments on TCQA.…”

“…Regarding activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, compounds 1 (125%), 8 (138%), 10 (119%), and 15 (127%) significantly increased Nrf2-ARE luciferase activity compared to the untreated control (CON) group (100%). Out of the four, compounds 1, 8, and 10 have already been reported to have potential use as skin anti-aging treatments due to their ability to activate Nrf2 [43][44][45]. TCQA (15) treatment of Nrf2-ARE reporter HaCaT cells resulted in a significant concentration-dependent increase in Nrf2 activity, that is, it enhanced activity by 25% at 5 µM, 35% at 10 µM, and 54% at 20 µM, compared to the CON group (Figure 3B).…”

Enemies or Allies? Hormetic and Apparent Non-Dose-Dependent Effects of Natural Bioactive Antioxidants in the Treatment of Inflammation

“…In the case of resveratrol, the literature reports [156][157][158][159][160] different coordination complexes with Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Al 3+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ . For ferulic acid, metal coordination complexes with Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ and Na + are found [161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170]. For linoleic acid, metal complexes with Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ and Pt 2+ are described [171][172][173].…”

Ferulic acid ameliorates the quality of in vitro-aged bovine oocytes by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis

“…It mainly prevents the occurrence of oxidative stress by scavenging excessive intracellular ROS [ 25 ]. In addition, FA has been shown to have antiaging effects [ 26 ]. Since aging is often accompanied by oxidative stress [ 10 ], we hypothesized that FA can delay oocyte aging and improve oocyte quality by resisting oxidative stress.…”