FeS₂ nanosheets–luminol–O₂ chemiluminescence method for determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, and cefazolin sodium

Abstract

This study introduces a novel chemiluminescence (CL) approach utilizing FeS2 nanosheets (NSs) catalyzed luminol–O2 CL reaction for the measurement of three pharmaceuticals, namely venlafaxine hydrochloride (VFX), imipramine hydrochloride (IPM), and cefazolin sodium (CEF). The CL method involved the phenomenon of quenching induced by the pharmaceuticals in the CL reaction. To achieve the most quenching efficacy of the pharmaceuticals in the CL reaction, the concentrations of reactants comprising luminol, NaOH, and FeS2 NSs were optimized accordingly. The calibration curves demonstrated exceptional linearity within the concentration range spanning from 4.00 × 10−7 to 1.00 × 10−3 mol L−1, 1.00 × 10−7 to 1.00 × 10−4 mol L−1, and 4.00 × 10−6 to 2.00 × 10−4 mol L−1 with detection limits (3σ) of 3.54 × 10−7, 1.08 × 10−8, and 2.63 × 10−6 mol L−1 for VFX, IPM, and CEF, respectively. This study synthesized FeS2 NSs using a facile hydrothermal approach, and then the synthesized FeS2 NSs were subjected to a comprehensive characterization using a range of spectroscopic methods. The proposed CL method was effective in measuring the aforementioned pharmaceuticals in pharmaceutical formulations as well as different water samples. The mechanism of the CL system has been elucidated.