“…Much is written about the music festival experience and state of liminality, as experience and as cultural and social influence (Boyce-Tillman, 2009;Howard-Grenville, Golden-Biddle, Irwin, & Mao, 2011;Turner, 1977), but less about the physical dangers that may result because of this state of otherness (Turner, 1977). Extreme examples of festival tragedies such as those at Denmark's Roskilde Festival in 2000 and the Love Parade in Germany in 2009 and the effect of shootings and terrorism (e.g., the Las Vegas Music Festival Shooting in 2018; the bombing at Ariana Grande's Manchester concert in 2017) have been reported, but there are many more that attract media rather than research attention (Ritchie, Shipway, & Chien, 2010;Robertson & Rogers, 2009); the 722 fatalities between 1999 and 2014 at electronic music festivals reported by Turris and Lund (2016) Delivered by Ingenta Article(s) and/or figure(s) cannot be used for resale. Please use proper citation format when citing this article including the DOI, publisher reference, volume number and page location.…”