Fetal and infant head circumference sexual dimorphism in primates

Joffe, Tracey H.; Tarantal, Alice F.; Rice, Karen; Leland, M. Michelle; Oerke, Ann‐Kathrin; Rodeck, Charles H.; Geary, Michael; Hindmarsh, Peter C.; Wells, Jonathan C. K.; Aiello, Leslie C.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.20035

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Males also had 6% more cortical white matter, similar to the 7.5% differences in older children (Reiss et al, 1996) but less than the 17-15% differences found in adults (Gur et al, 1999;Allen et al, 2003). Sexual dimorphism in head circumference has been observed as early as the second trimester in human and nonhuman primates on ultrasound (Joffe et al, 2005). Our study suggests that adult patterns of sexual dimorphisms of overall ICV and cortical gray matter volume are present at birth, whereas adult patterns of cortical white matter and lateral ventricle volumes develop after birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain

Gilmore

Lin

Prastawa³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

417

358

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Although there has been recent interest in the study of childhood and adolescent brain development, very little is known about normal brain development in the first few months of life. In older children, there are regional differences in cortical gray matter development, whereas cortical gray and white matter growth after birth has not been studied to a great extent. The adult human brain is also characterized by cerebral asymmetries and sexual dimorphisms, although very little is known about how these asymmetries and dimorphisms develop. We used magnetic resonance imaging and an automatic segmentation methodology to study brain structure in 74 neonates in the first few weeks after birth. We found robust cortical gray matter growth compared with white matter growth, with occipital regions growing much faster than prefrontal regions. Sexual dimorphism is present at birth, with males having larger total brain cortical gray and white matter volumes than females. In contrast to adults and older children, the left hemisphere is larger than the right hemisphere, and the normal pattern of fronto-occipital asymmetry described in older children and adults is not present. Regional differences in cortical gray matter growth are likely related to differential maturation of sensory and motor systems compared with prefrontal executive function after birth. These findings also indicate that whereas some adult patterns of sexual dimorphism and cerebral asymmetries are present at birth, others develop after birth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain

Gilmore

Lin

Prastawa³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

417

358

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, effects of fetal sex on prenatal bone geometry parameters, as presented in limb length (Fig. A and Table ), have not previously been identified in human or animal models . The maternal genome × fetal sex interaction on trabecular thickness (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread Differential Maternal and Paternal Genome Effects on Fetal Bone Phenotype at Mid-Gestation

Xiang

Lee

Eindorf

et al. 2014

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Parent-of-origin-dependent (epi)genetic factors are important determinants of prenatal development that program adult phenotype. However, data on magnitude and specificity of maternal and paternal genome effects on fetal bone are lacking. We used an outbred bovine model to dissect and quantify effects of parental genomes, fetal sex, and nongenetic maternal effects on the fetal skeleton and analyzed phenotypic and molecular relationships between fetal muscle and bone. Analysis of 51 bone morphometric and weight parameters from 72 fetuses recovered at day 153 gestation (54% term) identified six principal components (PC1-6) that explained 80% of the variation in skeletal parameters. Parental genomes accounted for most of the variation in bone wet weight (PC1, 72.1%), limb ossification (PC2, 99.8%), flat bone size (PC4, 99.7%), and axial skeletal growth (PC5, 96.9%). Limb length showed lesser effects of parental genomes (PC3, 40.8%) and a significant nongenetic maternal effect (gestational weight gain, 29%). Fetal sex affected bone wet weight (PC1, p < 0.0001) and limb length (PC3, p < 0.05). Partitioning of variation explained by parental genomes revealed strong maternal genome effects on bone wet weight (74.1%, p < 0.0001) and axial skeletal growth (93.5%, p < 0.001), whereas paternal genome controlled limb ossification (95.1%, p < 0.0001). Histomorphometric data revealed strong maternal genome effects on growth plate height (98.6%, p < 0.0001) and trabecular thickness (85.5%, p < 0.0001) in distal femur. Parental genome effects on fetal bone were mirrored by maternal genome effects on fetal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (96.9%, p < 0.001) and paternal genome effects on alkaline phosphatase (90.0%, p < 0.001) and their correlations with maternally controlled bone wet weight and paternally controlled limb ossification, respectively. Bone wet weight and flat bone size correlated positively with muscle weight (r ¼ 0.84 and 0.77, p < 0.0001) and negatively with muscle H19 expression (r ¼ -0.34 and -0.31, p < 0.01). Because imprinted maternally expressed H19 regulates growth factors by miRNA interference, this suggests muscle-bone interaction via epigenetic factors.

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“…The earliest sexual dimorphism observed in life is that of head circumference, which was assessed by prenatal ultrasound as early as the second trimester of pregnancy (Joffe et al 2005). Although it is the least heritable, the cerebellum is the most sexually dimorphic brain structure.…”

Section: Sexual Dimorphism In Brain Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic influences on brain developmental trajectories on neuroimaging studies: from infancy to young adulthood

Douet

Chang

Cloak

et al. 2013

Brain Imaging and Behavior

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Human brain development has been studied intensively with neuroimaging. However, little is known about how genes influence developmental brain trajectories, even though a significant number of genes (about 10,000, or approximately one-third) in the human genome are expressed primarily in the brain and during brain development. Interestingly, in addition to showing differential expression among tissues, many genes are differentially expressed across the ages (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy). Age-specific gene expression plays an important role in several critical events in brain development, including neuronal cell migration, synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter receptor specificity, as well as in aging and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). In addition, the majority of psychiatric and mental disorders are polygenic, and many have onsets during childhood and adolescence. In this review, we summarize the major findings from neuroimaging studies that link genetics with brain development, from infancy to young adulthood. Specifically, we focus on the heritability of brain structures across the ages, age-related genetic influences on brain development and sex-specific developmental trajectories.

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Fetal and infant head circumference sexual dimorphism in primates

Cited by 21 publications

References 49 publications

Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain

Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain

Widespread Differential Maternal and Paternal Genome Effects on Fetal Bone Phenotype at Mid-Gestation

Genetic influences on brain developmental trajectories on neuroimaging studies: from infancy to young adulthood

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