Fetal cardiac function evaluation: A review

Abstract

The aim of this review is to provide an up to date on the current use of fetal echocardiography in assessing the fetal cardiac function and its potential research and clinical applications. Despite classically is been used for prenatal diagnosis of fetal heart defects, assessment of fetal cardiac function has been recently proposed as a fundamental tool to assess pregnancies complicated by several disorders with long-term impact on post-natal cardiovascular health, such as placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction. In this review we present anatomical and functional fetal cardiac development mechanisms and an overview of the currently available techniques for evaluating fetal heart function.

Maternal Oxygen Inhalation Affects the Fetal Hemodynamic in Low-Risk with Uncomplicated Late Pregnancy

“…The exclusion criteria were previous history of chromosome abnormalities, fetal structural anomalies or other congenital heart defects (CHD), early fetal growth restriction (FGR), and maternal complications. According to the ISUOG practice guidelines, the CRL, fetal biometry, doppler index of middle cerebral artery (MCA), umbilical artery(UA), umbilical vein(UV), ductus venosus (DV), uterine artery (Ut A), and fetal cardiac function was performed measured during ultrasound scanning [9][10][11][12][13]. With built-in calculated software for the ultrasound equipment, this machine can handle most of all of the doppler index data calculate on tasks automatically after tracing the accuracy Doppler waveform.…”

“…For the shortening fraction (SF) calculated with M-mode, the end of diastole (EDD) and end systole (ESD) of both ventricles was measured, respectively. The SF can be calculated separately for each ventricle using the following formula: EDD -ESD/EDD [12,13,23,24] The pulsed doppler mode was used in E/A ratio and modi ed myocardial performance index (Mod-MPI) assessment. The rapid lling phase of diastole with E wave velocities(E) and atrial contraction during ventricular lling with A wave velocities(A) were measured under the 4-chamber view, respectively.…”

Cardiac problems in the fetus: a review for pediatric providers

“…Cardiac function is typically assessed qualitatively on a routine fetal echocardiogram though Doppler assessment can also provide some quantification of cardiac function that can be followed over time. More detailed function assessment may be needed for certain indications [19,57].…”

Advances in Maternal–Fetal Imaging

“…As obstetricians, all around the world know, congenital heart defects (CHDs) are, together with orofacial clefting, the most frequent congenital anomalies affecting prenatal life, and three reviews will describe the role of fetal cardiac remodeling and oversee the impact of different CHDs in terms of prognosis and treatment 5–7 …”

“…As obstetricians, all around the world know, congenital heart defects (CHDs) are, together with orofacial clefting, the most frequent congenital anomalies affecting prenatal life, and three reviews will describe the role of fetal cardiac remodeling and oversee the impact of different CHDs in terms of prognosis and treatment. [5][6][7] A state-of-the-art review on Doppler ultrasound assessment of the umbilical cord vein will complete the clinical documentation on the fetal adnexa. 8 The scientific background achieved together with the advent of modern real-time high-frequency ultrasound probes has enabled a number of congenital defects to be diagnosed early in gestation, shifting from the second to the first trimester of pregnancy.…”