Fetal growth trajectories and their association with maternal and child characteristics

Bartels, H; O’Connor, Clare; Segurado, Ricardo; Mason, Olivia; Mehegan, John; Geraghty, Aisling A.; O’Brien, Eileen C.; Walsh, Jennifer

doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1554041

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…13 Furthermore, an Irish study on 781 mother-child pairs found that a faster EFW growth trajectory was associated with the highest mean weight and BMI centile at 5 years of age. 29 In our study, fetal growth was negatively associated with the risk of stunting and underweight at the age of 3 years.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

“…However, owing to differences in analytical strategy (i.e. the use of raw EFW values or Z ‐scores, 9,12 conditional growth models, 10,13 latent class analysis 29 and multilevel linear spline models) and in the cut‐off values for gestational periods, results from different studies, including ours, may not be directly comparable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…A more recent Scandinavian study ( n = 478) observed that conditional fetal growth Z ‐scores were positively associated with BMI Z ‐scores at the age of 5 years 13 . Furthermore, an Irish study on 781 mother–child pairs found that a faster EFW growth trajectory was associated with the highest mean weight and BMI centile at 5 years of age 29 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Fetal growth at different gestational periods and risk of impaired childhood growth, low childhood weight and obesity: a prospective birth cohort study

Ramakrishnan

Wei

et al. 2021

BJOG

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Objective To examine the longitudinal associations of fetal growth with adverse child growth outcomes and to assess whether maternal metabolic factors modify the associations. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study, China. Population A total of 4818 mother–child pairs. Methods Fetal growth was assessed according to estimated fetal weight (EFW) from 22 weeks of gestation until birth and the measurement of the birthweight. Fetal growth Z‐scores were computed from random effects in the multilevel linear spline models to represent fetal size in early pregnancy (22 weeks of gestation) and growth in mid‐pregnancy (22–27 weeks of gestation), early third trimester (28–36 weeks of gestation) and late third trimester (≥37 weeks of gestation). Main outcome measures Z‐scores for childhood stunting, low weight, overweight or obesity, length/height for age (LAZ/HAZ), weight for age (WAZ) and body mass index for age (BMIZ) at the age of 3 years. Adjusted associations were examined using multiple Poisson or linear regression models. Results Increased Z‐scores of fetal size in early pregnancy and growth in mid‐pregnancy and early third trimester were associated with a higher risk of childhood overweight or obesity (risk ratios 1.25–1.45). Fetal growth in each period was negatively associated with stunting and low weight, with the strongest associations observed for fetal size in early pregnancy and growth in mid‐pregnancy. The results for continuous outcomes (LAZ/HAZ, WAZ and BMIZ) were similar. The associations of fetal growth with overweight or obesity in childhood were stronger among mothers who were underweight and who were overweight or obese than among mothers of normal weight. Conclusions Accelerated fetal growth before 37 weeks of gestation is associated with children who are overweight or obese, whereas the critical period for stunting and low weight occurs before 28 weeks of gestation. Tweetable abstract Fetal growth during different periods is differentially associated with childhood stunting, underweight and overweight or obesity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Fetal growth at different gestational periods and risk of impaired childhood growth, low childhood weight and obesity: a prospective birth cohort study

Ramakrishnan

Wei

et al. 2021

BJOG

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“…Comorbidities such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more common in pregnant women with obesity, and this not only increases the risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes mellitus for the mother but also leads to increased fetal growth, large‐for‐gestational‐age babies, and metabolic compromise in the offspring 11–14 . These outcomes in offspring are further associated with long‐term consequences such as childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in later life 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum obesity from the FIGO Pregnancy and Non‐Communicable Diseases Committee: A FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) guideline

McAuliffe

Killeen

Jacob

et al. 2020

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

114

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Obstetricians and gynecologists are well positioned to influence population health through maternity and women's health services. Obesity is common in women of reproductive age and the prevalence is rising in both low-/middle-income and high-income countries 1. Obesity affects requirements for assessment, monitoring, and intervention and can impact maternal and child outcomes. Obstetricians and gynecologists require guidance on the care of women of reproductive age with obesity at all time points related to pregnancy, including how to address modifiable risk factors such as diet and physical activity. Many guidelines have been developed to date, although they vary in scope, methodology, and individual recommendations. FIGO's Committee Guideline for the Management of Prepregnancy, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Obesity (Table 1) reviews good clinical practice recommendations (Table 2-4) from previously published international documents. It serves as a practical resource to support obstetricians and gynecologists in the management of This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Data from the ROLO study was used to develop fetal growth trajectories, with methods to develop the trajectory models previously described in detail [ 38 ]. In summary, fetal measurements were obtained from ultrasound scans performed on mothers at medians of 20 + 6 (IQR: 20 + 1 to 21 + 5) and 34 + 1 (IQR: 33 + 5 to 34 + 5) weeks' gestation, including AC, head circumference, biparietal diameter, and femur length.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Growth Trajectories and Their Association with Maternal, Cord Blood, and 5-year Child Adipokines

Bartels

Geraghty

O’Brien

et al. 2020

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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Background. The growth of the fetus is a complex process influenced by multiple factors. Studies have highlighted the important role of biochemical growth markers such as leptin and adiponectin on fetal growth. Objective. To compare fetal growth trajectories with biochemical growth markers from maternal blood samples at 28 weeks’ gestation, cord blood samples at birth, and in child blood samples at 5 years of age from mother-infant pairs who were part of the longitudinal ROLO study. Methods. 781 mother-infant pairs from the ROLO and ROLO Kids study were included. Ultrasound measurements and birth weight were used to develop fetal growth trajectory groups for estimated abdominal circumference and estimated weight. Blood serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 from maternal, cord, and 5-year child samples were recorded. ANOVA and chi-square tests were applied to test the associations between fetal growth trajectory membership and maternal and child biochemical growth indicators. The influence of child sex was also investigated. Results. Male sex was associated with a faster weight trajectory compared to females (p=0.001). At 28 weeks’ gestation, maternal leptin levels were significantly higher in mothers with a fetus on a slower estimated abdominal circumference trajectory compared to fast (25616 [IQR: 11656.0 to 35341.0] vs. 14753.8 [IQR: 8565.4 to 24308.1], p<0.001) and maternal adiponectin levels were lower in fetuses on a slower estimated abdominal circumference trajectory compared to a fast trajectory (22.4 [IQR: 13.6 to 35.9] vs. 27.6 [IQR: 17.6 to 46.3], p=0.027). No associations were noted with inflammatory markers. No associations were identified between fetal growth trajectories and growth markers at 5 years of age. Conclusions. This study shows that male sex is associated with an accelerated estimated weight trajectory. Furthermore, high leptin and low adiponectin in maternal serum in late gestation are associated with a slower fetal growth trajectory. No associations were identified with blood growth markers after pregnancy.

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Fetal growth trajectories and their association with maternal and child characteristics

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Fetal growth at different gestational periods and risk of impaired childhood growth, low childhood weight and obesity: a prospective birth cohort study

Fetal growth at different gestational periods and risk of impaired childhood growth, low childhood weight and obesity: a prospective birth cohort study

Management of prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum obesity from the FIGO Pregnancy and Non‐Communicable Diseases Committee: A FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) guideline

Fetal Growth Trajectories and Their Association with Maternal, Cord Blood, and 5-year Child Adipokines

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