Fetal Head Growth during Early to Mid-Gestation Associated with Weight Gain in Mothers with Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

The epigenetic impact of malnutrition in mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) on their offspring has not been fully elucidated. Recently, several reports have demonstrated that children born to mothers with HG were small for gestational age and had low birth weight, reduced insulin sensitivity, and neurodevelopmental delays during childhood. Therefore, we examined the relationship between fetal growth and changes in the maternal body weight in HG cases. A total of 34 patients with HG were hospitalized and delivered at term between 2009 and 2012. The records of 69 cases of pregnant women without a history of HG were extracted after matching their maternal age, parity, pregestational body mass index (BMI), gestational age, and fetal sex ratio with those of the HG group for comparison. The maternal weight gain at term was less in the HG than in the control group. There was no statistical difference in birth weight, placental weight, and ultrasonic fetometric parameters expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores, including biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length, between the HG and the control group. Whereas fetal head growth in the HG group was positively associated with maternal weight gain at 20 weeks of gestation only, this association was not observed in the control group. We herein demonstrate that maternal weight gain from the nadir is associated with fetal head growth at mid-gestation. Thus, maternal undernutrition in the first trimester of pregnancy could affect fetal brain growth and development, leading to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental delays in later life.

Application of a Pedometer for the Management of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Pregnant Women

“…In contrast, Greater rate of gestational weight gain during the second and the third trimesters was associated with greater risk of large-for-gestational age neonates [2]. Our group has recently reported that in hyperemesis gravidarum, in which maternal undernutrition occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy, the pattern of foetal head growth differs from that of the normal pregnancy [3]. Moreover, the weight gain in slim and obese women should not be the same because of the differences in their nutritional demands during pregnancy.…”

SIDIK SIAMA: An instrument for Risk Detection of Stunting Since Pregnancy

“…Maternal malnutrition in the first trimester of pregnancy can be caused by hyperemesis gravidarum because it results in malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance, and poor fetal development, such as prematurity and low birth weight (Santosa, Arif, & Ghoni, 2022). This condition is closely related to stunting because it can affect the growth and development of the fetal brain, which results in an increased risk of neurodevelopmental delays in the future (Buyukkayaci Duman et al, 2015;Muraoka et al, 2020). A research result revealed that children with hyperemesis gravidarum mothers have behavioral disorders (Fejzo et al, 2009).…”

“…The next step is to create an item pool based on a literature review into 10 items, namely mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) (Agustina & Fathurrahman, 2022;Alfarisi, Nurmalasari, & Nabilla, 2019;Sukmawati, Hendrayati, Chaerunimah, & Nurhumairah, 2018); height (Khatun, Rasheed, Alam, Huda, & Dibley, 2019;Nadiyah, Briawan, & Martianto, 2014;Özaltin, Hill, & Subramanian, 2010); weight gain during pregnancy (Apriningtyas & Kristini, 2019;Dewi, Evrianasari, & Yuviska, 2020); consumption of Fe tablets (Ashorn et al, 2015;Dewey, 2016;Georgieff, 2020); excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (Buyukkayaci Duman, Ozcan, & Bostanci, 2015;Muraoka, Takagi, Ueno, Morita, & Nagano, 2020); maternal age (Wanimbo & Wartiningsih, 2020;Wemakor, Garti, Azongo, Garti, & Atosona, 2018); mother's smoking habits and history of exposure to cigarette smoke (Ashford et al, 2010;Nadiyah et al, 2014;Stock & Bauld, 2020); birth spacing (Anasari & Suryandari, 2022;Karundeng, Ismanto, & Kundre, 2015;Pongrekun, Sunarsih, & Fatmawati, 2020); mother's education (Komalasari, Supriati, Sanjaya, & Ifayanti, 2020;Scheffler et al, 2021).…”