Fetal lung abnormalities — What do they mean?

Congenital lung malformations in the second trimester: Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and pathologic findings

“…Chromosomal abnormalities (trisomy 13, 18, 21) have been reported as well. 1,4,20,22,26,[29][30][31][32] The frequency and type of associated malformations depend on the type of lung abnormality. In cases of CCAM, the rate of associated malformations has been reported at a lower frequency than in pulmonary sequestration.…”

Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: embryology, radiology and quandary

“…Normal lung has approximately the same echotexture as liver and spleen on antenatal ultrasound [24]. The appearances of BPFM on ultrasound can be divided into two groups:…”

“…The differentiation of lung masses from a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is of importance but can be difficult particularly in the case of multicystic lesions [24]. Features that may help distinguish congenital diaphragmatic hernia are the demonstration of a normal intra-abdominal stomach and a normally positioned diaphragm [24].…”

“…Features that may help distinguish congenital diaphragmatic hernia are the demonstration of a normal intra-abdominal stomach and a normally positioned diaphragm [24]. Abnormal rotation of the abdominal contents with fetal breathing movement suggests CDH.…”

“…Histological changes of CCAM and BPS can occur within the same lesion, and cases of both ILS and ELS containing CCAM have been published [3,4,8,10,11,12,13,16,24,25]. The reported incidence of CCAM within BPS varies widely from study to study but can be as much as 50% [3].…”