Fetal mouth movements during behavioural states 1F and 2F

Prenatal imprinting of postnatal specific appetites and feeding behavior

“…In this regard, a detailed examination of the mechanism by which hydration is regulated in the fetus may advance our understanding of both normal and pathologic states of hydration that occur later. For example, it has been shown that fetal swallowing activity-which contributes to the regulation of amniotic fluid volume-is influenced by fetal maturation and affected by the presence of neurologic pathology [13].…”

“…Recent advances in the technology of recording fetal activity by ultrasonography have permitted investigators to visualize in real time movements of the mouth such as mouth opening, suckling, or tongue protrusion [13]. Flavors from the mother's diet reach the amniotic fluid, are swallowed by the fetus, and come in contact with the olfactogustatory apparatus that is functional in fetuses.…”

Development of Human Fetal Behavior: A Review

“…In the fetus, van Woerden et al [48] observed that clusters of regular mouthing occurred during about 70% of intervals of state 1F. In the presence of regular mouthing an oscilla tory pattern could be distinguished in FHR, with the oscillation frequency coinciding with that of the mouthing clusters [49], The cycle length for the clusters varied between 10 and 28 s, and each cycle was character ized by recurrent movements of the tongue and mandible at a frequency of 1-3 Hz, fol lowed by a pause of a few seconds.…”

Fetal Movements. Though They May Be Spontaneous, Yet There is Method in Them

“…In the human fetus, tongue expulsion, tongue thrust, or tongue click can occasionally be observed during the second half of pregnancy (Roodenburg et al 1991;Yigiter and Kavak 2006). Most of the tongue protrusions can be observed during behavioral state 2F, or active sleep (van Woerden et al 1988).…”