Fetal Programming of Type 2 Diabetes

Yajnik, Chittaranjan S; Godbole, Koumudi; Otiv, Suhas; Lubree, Himangi

doi:10.2337/dc07-1485

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…They are also more insulin resistant from 5 years of age (22). This intrinsic insulin resistance in females is thought to be genetic and possibly associated with genes linked to diabetes and glucose intolerance on the X chromosome (23). Thus, it may result in hyperinsulinemia, which is partially independent of BGLs, leading to infant adiposity, which is not as strongly associated with maternal hyperglycemia as that in male infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Body Fat in Infants of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Differ With Fetal Sex

et al. 2011

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OBJECTIVENeonatal adiposity is a well-recognized complication of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to identify factors influencing adiposity in male and female infants of women treated for GDM.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis was a prospective study of 84 women with GDM. Daily blood glucose levels (BGLs) were retrieved from glucose meters, and overall mean fasting and mean 2-h postprandial BGLs were calculated for each woman. Infant body composition was measured at birth, and regression analysis was used to identify significant predictors of infant body fat separately in male and female infants.RESULTSMaternal fasting BGL was the major predictor of adiposity in male infants but had little relationship to adiposity in female infants. In male infants, percent fat was increased by 0.44% for each 0.1 mmol/L increase in mean maternal fasting BGL. Maternal BMI was the primary predictor in female infants but had little effect in males. In female infants, percent fat was increased by 0.11% for each 1 kg/m2 increase in maternal prepregnancy BMI.CONCLUSIONSFetal sex may influence the impact that treatment strategies for GDM have on infant adiposity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Body Fat in Infants of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Differ With Fetal Sex

et al. 2011

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“…The main strategy for fetal adaptation to deficient nutrition is selective redistribution of nutrients for the formation of fundamental organs like the brain (brain sparing). This mechanism would result in underdevelopment of the skeleton and liver, a lower proportion of muscle mass, diminished mass of β-cells from the pancreas and abnormalities in vascular tissues ( 48 , 49 ) . A study carried out in South Africa ( 50 ) involving 132 young adults indicates that the ‘fetal origins’ expression of the chronic disease phenotype is not dependent on birth weight alone, but on its interaction with subsequent fat accumulation, including measurements of waist circumference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between birth weight and insulin resistance in childhood

et al. 2009

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Chronic diseases that are typical of adulthood may originate in intra-uterine life through inadequate fetal development. The present epidemiological cohort study of 506 healthy children aged 5-8 years evaluated the relationship between birth weight and insulin resistance in an age group that has been assessed in few similar studies. Insulin concentration was determined by chemiluminescence and insulin resistance by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Blood glucose, total cholesterol and fractions (LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol) and TAG concentrations were determined by automated enzymatic methods. Linear regression analysis investigated the relationship between birth weight (assessed as a continuous variable and in three categories: small for gestational age, SGA; adequate for gestational age and large for gestational age) and the HOMA index, using backward stepwise selection and biological models to explain the causal pathway of the relationship. There were negative associations between birth weight (P, 0·001), SGA (P¼ 0·027) and the HOMA index, and a positive association between waist circumference (P, 0·001) and the HOMA index. Considering the significant associations between birth weight and waist circumference (P,0·001) and waist circumference and insulin resistance (P, 0·001), we can probably suspect that lower birth weight is a common cause of higher waist circumference and insulin resistance. In summary, the results of the present study showed increased insulin resistance in apparently healthy, young children, who had lower weight at birth and higher measurements of waist circumference. There is a need to develop public health policies that adopt preventive measures to promote adequate maternal-fetal and child development and enable early diagnosis of metabolic abnormalities.

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“…In addition to childhood stress and trauma, stress during the perinatal period-from gestation to early infancy-contributes to CVD risk in children. During intrauterine life, ongoing processes of epigenomic modification, intimately associated with growth and development, result in multiple vulnerable periods for environmental factors to influence these processes [125,126]. This phenomenon is well illustrated with maternal obesity correlating with offspring obesity and cardiometabolic risk [127][128][129][130][131].…”

Section: Early Childhood Stress and Cmdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk for Indigenous Populations throughout the Lifespan

Lewis

Volpert‐Esmond

Deen

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Indigenous people experience the greatest cardiometabolic disease disparity in the Unites States, yet high cardiometabolic disease risk factors do not fully explain the extent of the cardiometabolic disease disparity for Indigenous people. Stress, trauma, and racism occur at high rates within Indigenous communities and have not been well explored as significant contributors to cardiometabolic disease disparities despite emerging literature, and therefore will be described here. Methods: This descriptive study explores the relationship between cardiometabolic disease risks and Indigenous-specific stressors (e.g., early childhood stress and trauma, adulthood stress and trauma, and historical and intergenerational trauma) using current literature. Indigenous-specific protective factors against cardiometabolic disease are also reviewed. Results. Increasing research indicates that there is a relationship between Indigenous-specific stressful and traumatic life experiences and increased cardiometabolic disease risk. Mental health and psychophysiology play an important role in this relationship. Effective interventions to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk in Indigenous communities focus on ameliorating the negative effects of these stressors through the use of culturally specific health behaviors and activities. Conclusions: There is increasing evidence that cultural connection and enculturation are protective factors for cardiometabolic disease, and may be galvanized through Indigenous-led training, research, and policy change.

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Fetal Programming of Type 2 Diabetes

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Determinants of Body Fat in Infants of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Differ With Fetal Sex

Determinants of Body Fat in Infants of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Differ With Fetal Sex

The relationship between birth weight and insulin resistance in childhood

Stress and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk for Indigenous Populations throughout the Lifespan

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