Fetoplacental vascular alterations associated with fetal growth restriction

Junaid, Toluwalope; Brownbill, Paul; Chalmers, N; Johnstone, Edward D.; Aplin, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.013

Cited by 72 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…17, Anatomical Corrosion Kit (Polysciences Inc, Germany)] as described in published corrosion casting protocols 7, 15, 16 . The cord was clamped immediately after delivery to ensure the vessels were kept dilated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extraction of holistic information on the placental vascular network is therefore necessary to identify disease-associated changes that are likely to be of functional significance. Moreover, as there are variations in vascularity of samples from different regions of the placenta 7 , evaluation of the whole organ would better represent its entire vascularity. To date, whole organ examination and quantification of the placental vascular tree remains an experimental challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, whole organ examination and quantification of the placental vascular tree remains an experimental challenge. Corrosion casting of placental vessels permits three dimensional (3D) examination and quantification of the vessels 7, 8 , but the small calibre vessels of the villi are difficult to quantify accurately from casts by direct measurement. Also, while the villi vessels are accessible by histology, 3D reconstruction analyses of histological sections limit obtainable data to small tissue samples hence do not represent the vascularity of the whole organ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole organ vascular casting and microCT examination of the human placental vascular tree reveals novel alterations associated with pregnancy disease

Junaid

Bradley

Lewis

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Experimental methods that allow examination of the intact vascular network of large organs, such as the human placenta are limited, preventing adequate comparison of normal and abnormal vascular development in pregnancy disease. Our aims were (i) to devise an effective technique for three-dimensional analyses of human placental vessels; (ii) demonstrate the utility of the technique in the comparison of placental vessel networks in normal and fetal growth restriction (FGR) complicated pregnancies. Radiopaque plastic vessel networks of normal and FGR placentas (n = 12/group) were created by filling the vessels with resin and corroding the surrounding tissues. Subsequently, each model was scanned in a microCT scanner, reconstructed into three-dimensional virtual objects and analysed in visualisation programmes. MicroCT imaging of the models defined vessel anatomy to our analyses threshold of 100 µm diameter. Median vessel length density was significantly shorter in arterial but longer in venous FGR networks compared to normals. No significant differences were demonstrable in arterial or venous tortuosity, diameter or branch density. This study demonstrates the potential effectiveness of microCT for ex-vivo examination of human placental vessel morphology. Our findings show significant discrepancies in vessel length density in FGR placentas. The effects on fetoplacental blood flow, and hence nutrient transfer to the fetus, are unknown.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole organ vascular casting and microCT examination of the human placental vascular tree reveals novel alterations associated with pregnancy disease

Junaid

Bradley

Lewis

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Samples for histology were taken from the periphery and centre using a transect sampling line which always passes through the cord insertion point (Junaid et al, 2014). All samples were washed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and fixed overnight in neutral buffered formalin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Birth Weight, Body Shape and Body Composition at Birth to Altitude in Saudi Arabia

et al. 2016

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SUMMARY:The objective of this work was to study the effect of high altitude on full term birth weight, body shape and body composition of newborn infants. Twenty five healthy pregnant Saudi women and their healthy newborns from high altitude (2850-3150 m) and equal numbers from low altitude (500 m). For each pregnant woman haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value and blood pressures were measured and recorded immediately after admission to hospital for delivery. Fetal haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value were determined immediately after delivery. Determination of the newborn's body shape and composition were made from anthropometric measurements which were performed two hours after delivery. Placental weight was determined immediately after its delivery. Placentae were then examined histologically. Compared with their respectives from lowland, the pregnant women from high altitude and their placentae showed haemotogical and histological changes suggestive of maternal and placental hypoxia respectively. There was no haematological evidence suggesting that the high altitude fetuses experienced a greater degree of hypoxia in utero than did the low altitude fetuses. Compared with lowland newborns highland newborns were significantly lighter but fatter and have significantly greater head circumference: birth weight ratios and abdominal circumferences. These differences in body physique between high and lowland neoborns appeared to be mainly secondary to placental hypoxia resulting from maternal hypoxia which in turn was caused by high altitude hypoxia. The altered body physique at birth due to high altitude hypoxia appeared to be not mediated by fetal hypoxia, but possibly by other mechanisms induced by placental hypoxia.

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“…[14] The role of the placenta in “fetal programming” deserves a detailed and thorough evaluation, given the public health ramifications of adult diseases originating in failure of the placenta to optimally and efficiently meet fetal needs. [15–17] Extremes in placental efficiency have been related to cardiovascular disease later in life [18] that may have transgenerational effects. [19] The issue of the mechanisms and the implications of altered placental efficiency for post-natal consequences have been the subject of much scrutiny.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chorionic vascular “fit” in the human placenta: Relationship to fetoplacental outcomes

Salafia¹,

Shah

Misra

et al. 2017

Placenta

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Background Novel measures of the chorionic plate and vessels are used to test the hypothesis that variation in placental structure is correlated with reduced birth weight (BW) independent of placental weight (PW), suggesting functionally compromised placentas. Methods 917 mothers recruited to the Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition Study delivering singleton live born infants at >30 gestational weeks had placentas collected, digitally photographed and weighed prior to formalin fixation. Beta (β) was calculated as ln(PW)/ln(BW). Chorionic disk perimeter was traced and chorionic surface shape (CS) area was calculated. The sites at which chorionic vessels dived beneath the chorionic surface were marked to calculate the chorionic surface vessel (CV) area. The centroids of shapes, the distance between centroids and other measures of shape irregularities were calculated. Principal components analysis (PCA) created three independent factors to explore relations to BW, GA, trimmed PW, and β with p<0.05 considered significant. Results Variables related to disk size (CS area, perimeter) were correlated with BW, GA, trimmed PW and β. “Fit” (the ratio of CV area to CS area), measures of shape irregularities, and the distance between the cord insertion and the centroids of surface and vascular areas were also correlated with one or more of the clinical variables. PCA yielded three factors that had independent effects on β (each p<0.0001). Addition of GA did not alter the factors’ association with β. Conclusions Measures of CS and CV account for variation in placental efficiency defined by β, independent of GA. Macroscopic placenta measurements can identify suboptimal placental development.

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Fetoplacental vascular alterations associated with fetal growth restriction

Cited by 72 publications

References 23 publications

Whole organ vascular casting and microCT examination of the human placental vascular tree reveals novel alterations associated with pregnancy disease

Whole organ vascular casting and microCT examination of the human placental vascular tree reveals novel alterations associated with pregnancy disease

The Relationship of Birth Weight, Body Shape and Body Composition at Birth to Altitude in Saudi Arabia

Chorionic vascular “fit” in the human placenta: Relationship to fetoplacental outcomes

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