Fever and thermal tolerance in the toad Bufo marinus

Thermal biology of newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) chronically infected with a naturally occurring pathogen

“…Second, infected newts should tolerate higher temperatures than uninfected newts. Not only did LPS injection increase the thermal tolerance of toads (Sherman et al, 1991) but if, in fact, the infected newts in the present study were seeking out higher temperatures in the field they might be acclimatized to higher temperatures.…”

“…Both anurans (Kluger, 1977;Sherman et al, 1991) and salamanders (Parris et al, 2004) treated with pathogens or subunits isolated from pathogens (such as the lipopolysaccharide, LPS, of bacterial cell walls) select warmer temperatures than uninfected control animals. Furthermore, the thermal tolerance of LPS-treated toads was higher than that of controls even though both groups of animals were maintained at the same febrile temperature (Sherman et al, 1991). In all of these prior experiments, however, the animals were exposed to the infectious agent in the laboratory and the responses were acute.…”

Behavioral fever in ectothermic vertebrates

“…Up to date, behavioral fever has been described in all groups of ectothermic vertebrates including reptiles (Bernheim and Kluger, 1976a,b;Burns et al, 1996;do Amaral et al, 2002;Hallman et al, 1990;Kluger et al, 1975;Merchant et al, 2007Merchant et al, , 2008Monagas and Gatten, 1983;Muchlinski et al, 1995;Ortega et al, 1991;Ramos et al, 1993;Vaughn et al, 1974), amphibians (Casterlin and Reynolds, 1977;Kluger, 1977;Murphy et al, 2011;Myhre et al, 1977;Richards-Zawacki, 2010;Sherman et al, 1991), fish (Boltaña et al, 2013;Cabanac and Laberge, 1998;Covert and Reynolds, 1977;Grans et al, 2012;Reynolds, 1977;Reynolds et al, 1976Reynolds et al, , 1978 but also in invertebrates (Campbell et al, 2010;Elliot et al, 2002) and newborn mammals, which in response to bacterial pyrogens are unable to develop fever physiologically but do so behaviorally (Satinoff et al, 1976). However, there have been some contrasting data showing that injection of pyrogens, killed bacteria or parasites in some species of lizards (Don et al, 1994;Hallman et al, 1990;Laburn et al, 1981;Muchlinski et al, 1995;Ortega et al, 1991;Schall, 1990), turtles (Zurovsky et al, 1987b), snakes (Burns et al, 1996;Zurovsky et al, 1987a) and fish …”

“…1b) including LPS (Cabanac and Laberge, 1998;do Amaral et al, 2002;Grans et al, 2012;Merchant et al, 2007Merchant et al, , 2008Reynolds et al, 1978;Sherman et al, 1991), various species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, administrated as killed or live forms (Bernheim and Kluger, 1976a,b;Burns et al, 1996;Casterlin and Reynolds, 1977;Covert and Reynolds, 1977;Hallman et al, 1990;Kluger, 1977;Kluger et al, 1975;Monagas and Gatten, 1983;Muchlinski et al, 1995;Myhre et al, 1977;Ortega et al, 1991;Ramos et al, 1993;Reynolds, 1977;Reynolds et al, 1976Reynolds et al, , 1978Vaughn et al, 1974), fungi (Murphy et al, 2011;Richards-Zawacki, 2010), ectoparasite (Gyrodactylus turnbulli) (Mohammed et al, 2016), synthetic dsRNA (poly I:C) (Boltaña et al, 2013) or viruses (Boltaña et al, 2013). Because of the relatively low sensitivity of fish and toads to LPS, the dose used to induce behavioral fever in these animals (toad:…”

Behavioral fever response in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) to intracoelomic inoculation of Trypanosoma cruzi

“…However, ectothermic animals can only raise their internal body temperature to reduce microorganism infections by moving to warmer areas in a classic behavioral response called behavioral fever (1) (2) (3) . Evidence that insects can become feverish was fi rst observed in the cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa injected with an Escherichia coli suspension (4) .…”