Metal sulfide solid‐solutions have served as one of the most promising photocatalysts due to continuously adjustable bandgap structure and light‐absorption performance. Herein, a novel quaternary CdIn2S4‐xSex solid‐solution nanocrystal photocatalyst is prepared by one‐step hydrothermal synthesis, including the initial production of CdIn2S4‐x(SeO3)x and its in situ reduction of SeO32− to produce Se2− by N2H4. It is found that the bandgap structure of CdIn2S4‐xSex nanocrystals can be adjusted from 2.42 to 1.87 eV by varying the molar ratio of Se/S. Compared with pure CdIn2S4, the CdIn2S4‐xSex solid‐solution photocatalyst clearly represents excellent photocatalytic hydrogen production performance, while the CdIn2S4‐xSex (x = 0.4) solid‐solution nanocrystal exhibits the optimal hydrogen‐production efficiency of 314.24 µmol h−1, which is 3.3 times superior to that of CdIn2S4 (94.83 µmol h−1). It is found that the introduction of Se increases the charge density of S2− to form electron‐enriched S(2+δ )−, which can promote the effective adsorption of H+ for the following interfacial hydrogen‐evolution reaction. Meanwhile, the CdIn2S4‐xSex solid‐solution nanocrystals have a higher conduction band and stronger visible‐light absorption ability, which is also essential for accelerating photocatalytic hydrogen‐production efficiency. This study may offer possibilities for developing high‐performance photocatalysts.