FGF-2, MMP-8 and Integrin α2β1 Expression in Periodontal ligament Remodelling Tension Area with Nanopowder <i>Stichopus hermanii</i> Application to Prevent Orthodontic Relapsing

Abstract

Abstract:Background: Orthodontic relapse tendency occurs 33-90 per cent after at least 10 years post-treatment. Orthodontic

SMAD 3, Integrin and VEGF Expression in a Periodontal Ligament During Orthodontic Tooth Movement Induced by Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Stichopus hermanii

“…17 Meanwhile, SMAD3 is a protein that maintains the stability of the periodontal ligament and induces collagen formation. 11 The ligament responds to pressure on tooth movement, 12,14,17 hence, stretching causes a decrease in blood flow and changes in blood vessels in both diameter and number, as well as changes in the endothelium. 18 Furthermore, VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) is a growth factor that regulates vascularization and is released from the endothelium.…”

“…11 The use of marine biota for orthodontic treatment has been developed, for example, Stichopus hermanii 3% has been shown to raise tooth movement by 60% through increased bone remodeling. 12,13 The compounds contained in Stichopus hermanii include lectins, sterols, saponins/tripertens glycosides, proteins, collagen, mucopolysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate E and fucosylate, amino acids, fatty acids including eicosapentaenate (EPA) and docosahexesaenate (DHA), vitamins, namely, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, C, E, and Carotenoids. It also contains minerals such as iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc, chromium, as well as polyphenols, flavonoids, and SOD.…”

“…11 Also, integrin protein plays a vital role in the binding of the periodontal ligament to the alveolar bone. 12 Oxygen is important in periodontal tissue remodeling, 8,10 while Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is a treatment method for breathing pure oxygen (100%) at a pressure greater than the normal range. It is usually given within the range of 1 to 3 (1.5 and 2.4) ATA with a duration of 90-120 minutes.…”

“…8 Furthermore, Stichopus hermanii is a marine biota that plays a role in inflammation, wound healing, and also contains active ingredients of flavonoids, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and arginine, which accelerate the remodeling process of orthodontic tooth by 60%. 12,13 The combination of HBOT and Stichopus hermanii is thought to play a role in the remodeling of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Stichopus hermanii functions locally when administered topically, while HBOT acts systemically through inhalation.…”

“…Integrin α2β1 is the main receptor of type 1 collagen expressed on Th 17 cells to mediate the attachment to bone 27 and increase the synthesis as well as the turnover of type 1 collagen. 12 Meanwhile, Stichopus hermanii has been shown to increase integrin α2β1 in previous studies on orthodontic relapse. The use of 2.5% and 3% gel increased integrin 2β1 as type 1 collagen, thereby decreasing orthodontic relapse.…”